可轉(zhuǎn)債的條款有轉(zhuǎn)換價(jià)格、轉(zhuǎn)換比例、轉(zhuǎn)換期限、贖回條款、回售條款、強(qiáng)制性轉(zhuǎn)換條款。可轉(zhuǎn)換債券是債券持有人可按照發(fā)行時(shí)約定的價(jià)格將債券轉(zhuǎn)換成公司的普通股票的債券。
如果債券持有人不想轉(zhuǎn)換,則可以繼續(xù)持有債券,直到償還期滿時(shí)收取本金和利息,或者在流通市場(chǎng)出售變現(xiàn)。如果持有人看好發(fā)債公司股票增值潛力,在寬限期之后可以行使轉(zhuǎn)換權(quán),按照預(yù)定轉(zhuǎn)換價(jià)格將債券轉(zhuǎn)換成為股票,發(fā)債公司不得拒絕。該債券利率一般低于普通公司的債券利率,企業(yè)發(fā)行可轉(zhuǎn)換債券可以降低籌資成本。
可轉(zhuǎn)換債券具有什么特點(diǎn)?
可轉(zhuǎn)換債券具有的特點(diǎn)是債權(quán)性、股權(quán)性、可轉(zhuǎn)換性。債權(quán)性是指與其他債券一樣,可轉(zhuǎn)換債券也有規(guī)定的利率和期限,投資者可以選擇持有債券到期,收取本息。股權(quán)性
其中股權(quán)性是指可轉(zhuǎn)換債券在轉(zhuǎn)換成股票之前是純粹的債券,但轉(zhuǎn)換成股票之后,原債券持有人就由債權(quán)人變成了公司的股東,可參與企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)決策和紅利分配,這也在一定程度上會(huì)影響公司的股本結(jié)構(gòu)。可轉(zhuǎn)換性是可轉(zhuǎn)換債券的重要標(biāo)志,債券持有人可以按約定的條件將債券轉(zhuǎn)換成股票。轉(zhuǎn)股權(quán)是投資者享有的、一般債券所沒(méi)有的選擇權(quán)。
什么是轉(zhuǎn)換比例?
轉(zhuǎn)換比例是指一定面額可轉(zhuǎn)換債券可轉(zhuǎn)換成普通股票的股數(shù)。用公式表示為轉(zhuǎn)換比例=可轉(zhuǎn)換債券面值╱轉(zhuǎn)換價(jià)格。轉(zhuǎn)換價(jià)格是指可轉(zhuǎn)換債券轉(zhuǎn)換為每股普通股份所支付的價(jià)格。用公式表示為轉(zhuǎn)換價(jià)格=可轉(zhuǎn)換債券面值╱轉(zhuǎn)換比例。
什么是轉(zhuǎn)換期限?
轉(zhuǎn)換期限是指可轉(zhuǎn)換證券的轉(zhuǎn)換期限可以與債券的期限相同。但大多數(shù)情況下,發(fā)行人都規(guī)定某一具體期限,在有效期內(nèi)允許可轉(zhuǎn)換債券持有者按轉(zhuǎn)換比例或轉(zhuǎn)換價(jià)格轉(zhuǎn)換成發(fā)行人的普通股票。
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Finance and Accounting for the Non-Financial Manager teaches the basics of financial reports,as well as the fundamentals of business valuation and the creation of shareholder value.The course begins by describing the accounting process and the creation of financial statement,meanwhile,reveals the company’s operation and finance truth behind the data.Once knowing how to read financial statements will be invaluable throughout your career,in analyzing business opportunities,assessing financial risks,communicating your ideas to others,and dealing with the real business situations.
Breakthrough the language of finance
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在ACCA備考過(guò)程中,很多考生在做題時(shí)因?yàn)闊o(wú)法抓準(zhǔn)當(dāng)中的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容而導(dǎo)致無(wú)法順利通關(guān)。對(duì)此,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)今天針對(duì)LW科目給大家?guī)?lái)了四道關(guān)于合同(contract)的題目,并詳解當(dāng)中的重要考點(diǎn),希望有所幫助。
1. In the context of contract law,a bid at an auction is which of the following?
A. An invitation to treat
B. An offer
C. A counter-offer
D. An acceptance
答案:B
解析:
本題考查的是offer,難度適中。題目問(wèn)的是拍賣中的bid-出價(jià)是什么。
拍賣分為兩種:有底價(jià)的拍賣和無(wú)底價(jià)的拍賣(without reserve)。
有底價(jià)拍賣是指在拍賣前將拍賣標(biāo)的進(jìn)行估價(jià),確定一個(gè)比較合理的底價(jià)即保留價(jià),底價(jià)根據(jù)委托人的要求予以保密,競(jìng)買人的出價(jià)需高于或等于拍賣標(biāo)的底價(jià)方可成交。在這種拍賣中,展示商品是要約邀請(qǐng)-ITT;出價(jià)(bid)是offer;拍賣師的小錘子落下是accept(acceptance takes place by the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer)。
無(wú)底價(jià)拍賣是指拍賣標(biāo)的不設(shè)定底價(jià),由競(jìng)買人自相報(bào)價(jià),由報(bào)價(jià)最高者購(gòu)得拍賣標(biāo)的。在這種拍賣中,展示商品是offer;出價(jià)是accept。如果題目中沒(méi)有特殊說(shuō)明,就是指有底價(jià)的拍賣。所以本題問(wèn)的bid是offer。
2. Which of the following can be accepted so as to form a binding contract?
A. A quotation of price
B. A statement of intent
C. A supply of information
D. An agreement to enter into a future contract
答案:A
解析:
本題考查的是offer,難度偏難。哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)被接受后可以形成有約束力的合同。只有offer被accept之后才可以形成有約束力的合同。所以本題就是在問(wèn)哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是offer。
A quotation of price是指一方給另一方發(fā)的offer中包含的報(bào)價(jià),看對(duì)方是否可以接受。所以本題選A。這里要和circulation of a price list區(qū)分開(kāi),circulation of a price list是報(bào)價(jià)單,只是把商品標(biāo)明了價(jià)格,是ITT。
A statement of intent是意向書(shū),僅僅是一方向另一方表達(dá)想簽訂合同的意向,并不是accept。
A supply of information是提供信息。單獨(dú)拿出來(lái)讓大家辨別還是很簡(jiǎn)單的。但是這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)經(jīng)常考查Harvey v Facey 1893這個(gè)先例案件。在這個(gè)先例案件中,被告告訴了原告自己可以接受的最低價(jià),法庭認(rèn)定這個(gè)行為是supply of information,既不是offer,也不是ITT。所以同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲱}的過(guò)程中如果看到類似的情況,一定要區(qū)分清楚。
An agreement to enter into a future contract是一方同意在將來(lái)與另一方簽訂合同,這是agreement,不是offer。
另外,受要約人的回復(fù)屬于counter offer還是request for information也是常見(jiàn)的考查方式。比如,A對(duì)B發(fā)了一個(gè)offer,愿意以£500的價(jià)格將車賣給B,B回復(fù):“我可以分期付款嗎?”這個(gè)回復(fù)就是request for information;而假如對(duì)A的offer加一個(gè)條件,要求B必須以現(xiàn)金的形式全額支付,那么此時(shí)B的回復(fù)就是counter offer。
從選項(xiàng)中選出offer或者ITT是很常見(jiàn)的題目,Section A和Section B中都會(huì)出現(xiàn),大家要仔細(xì)區(qū)分,分析交易的場(chǎng)景,做出準(zhǔn)確判斷。
3. Which of the following may imply terms into contracts?
A. Statute
B. Third parties
C. The parties to the contract
答案:A
解析:
本題考察的是合同條款的一種分類形式,難度適中。題目問(wèn)的是哪一項(xiàng)是合同的默示條款。合同條款可以按照進(jìn)入合同的形式分為Express term和Implied term。
Express term是合同的明示條款,是在合同里面明確列示出來(lái)的條款;Implied term是合同的默示條款,沒(méi)有在合同里面明確列示但是被默認(rèn)存在的條款。分為三種:
① Terms implied by statute,成文法規(guī)定的默示條款。
② Terms implied by custom,慣例形成的默示條款。
③ Terms implied by the courts,法庭認(rèn)為合同中應(yīng)該包含的條款。
所以,本題選A。
4. Breach of which of the following terms does NOT allow the possibility of the aggrieved party terminating the contract?
A. An innominate term
B. A condition
C. A warranty
答案:C
解析:
本題考查的是合同條款的另一種分類形式,難度適中。題目問(wèn)違反下列哪些條款不允許被違約方終止合同?
合同條款可以按照內(nèi)容分為Condition,Warranty和Innominate terms。
Condition是合同的基礎(chǔ)性條款,如果被違反了,被違約方可以終止合同并且要求獲得賠償;Warranty是合同的附屬條款,如果被違反了,被違約方只可以要求獲得賠償,不可以終止合同;
Innominate terms是介于Condition和Warranty之間的條款,在合同成立時(shí)并不能確定是哪種條款,只能根據(jù)條款被違背后導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果來(lái)判斷。如果違背該條款導(dǎo)致合同無(wú)法進(jìn)行,該條款就是Condition,那么被違約方就可以終止合同。所以,本題選擇C。
這四道題目講解完了,大家可以發(fā)現(xiàn)offer和term是合同這部分的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,考試會(huì)從不同的角度對(duì)這部分進(jìn)行考察。希望大家可以好好理解相關(guān)內(nèi)容,順利通過(guò)考試,謝謝大家!
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
人身保險(xiǎn)合同的特殊條款包括遲交寬限條款、中止、復(fù)效條款、不喪失價(jià)值條款、危機(jī)四伏的被保險(xiǎn)人。
一、遲交寬限條款
合同約定分期支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi),投保人支付首期保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)后,除合同另有約定外,投保人自保險(xiǎn)人催告之日起超過(guò)30日未支付當(dāng)期保險(xiǎn)費(fèi),或者超過(guò)約定的期限60日未支付當(dāng)期保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的,合同效力中止,或者由保險(xiǎn)人按照合同約定的條件減少保險(xiǎn)金額。被保險(xiǎn)人在寬限期內(nèi)發(fā)生保險(xiǎn)事故的,保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同約定給付保險(xiǎn)金,但可以扣減欠交的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。
二、中止、復(fù)效條款
由于人壽保險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)不得用訴訟方式要求投保人支付,在保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)交納的寬限期滿后,如果投保人仍未交納應(yīng)付的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi),為維護(hù)保險(xiǎn)人的正當(dāng)權(quán)益,《保險(xiǎn)法》作出了保險(xiǎn)合同效力中止的規(guī)定,自中止之日起2年內(nèi),經(jīng)保險(xiǎn)人與投保人協(xié)商并達(dá)成協(xié)議,在投保人補(bǔ)交保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)后,合同效力還可以恢復(fù)。但是,自合同效力中止之日起滿2年雙方未達(dá)成協(xié)議的,保險(xiǎn)人有權(quán)解除合同。保險(xiǎn)人解除合同的,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同約定退還保險(xiǎn)單的現(xiàn)金價(jià)值。
三、不喪失價(jià)值條款
投保人申報(bào)的被保險(xiǎn)人年齡不真實(shí),并且其真實(shí)年齡不符合合同約定的年齡限制的,保險(xiǎn)人可以解除合同,并按照合同約定退還保險(xiǎn)單的現(xiàn)金價(jià)值。
四、危機(jī)四伏的被保險(xiǎn)人
1.受益人搞事情
如果受益人故意造成被保險(xiǎn)人死亡、傷殘、疾病的,或者故意殺害被保險(xiǎn)人未遂的,只是該受益人喪失受益權(quán),并不能免除保險(xiǎn)人給付保險(xiǎn)金的責(zé)任。
2.投保人搞事情
即使投保人故意造成被保險(xiǎn)人死亡、傷殘或者疾病的,保險(xiǎn)人雖不承擔(dān)給付保險(xiǎn)金的責(zé)任,但若投保人已交足2年以上保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的,保險(xiǎn)人就應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同約定向其他權(quán)利人退還保險(xiǎn)單的現(xiàn)金價(jià)值。
3.被保險(xiǎn)人搞事情
因被保險(xiǎn)人故意犯罪或者抗拒依法采取的刑事強(qiáng)制措施導(dǎo)致其傷殘或者死亡的,保險(xiǎn)人不承擔(dān)給付保險(xiǎn)金的責(zé)任。投保人已交足2年以上保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的,保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同約定退還保險(xiǎn)單的現(xiàn)金價(jià)值。
4. 被保險(xiǎn)人自殺
(1)以被保險(xiǎn)人死亡為給付保險(xiǎn)金條件的合同,自合同成立或者合同效力恢復(fù)之日起2年內(nèi),被保險(xiǎn)人自殺的,保險(xiǎn)人不承擔(dān)給付保險(xiǎn)金的責(zé)任(保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同約定退還保險(xiǎn)單的現(xiàn)金價(jià)值),但被保險(xiǎn)人自殺時(shí)為無(wú)民事行為能力人的除外。
(2)如果保險(xiǎn)合同成立或者復(fù)效2年后,被保險(xiǎn)人自殺的,保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)按合同約
很多考生在備考ACCA過(guò)程中都會(huì)遇到一個(gè)問(wèn)題,就是容易會(huì)將Breach of contract and remedies章節(jié)中的Repudiatory breach實(shí)質(zhì)性違約與 Anticipatory breach預(yù)期性違約所混淆,今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟各位著重詳解一下這兩個(gè)考點(diǎn)之間的區(qū)別。
1、Repudiatory breach
(1)概念:
Repudiatory breach是指根本性違約。違約方用語(yǔ)言或者行動(dòng)告訴被違約方自己不能再履行合同了,給被違約方造成了嚴(yán)重的損失/后果。
Repudiatory breach發(fā)生的時(shí)間點(diǎn):違約方該要去履行合同之時(shí)。(It usually occurs when performance is due)
(2)類型(5種):
1) Refusal to perform (renunciation) 違約方直接拒絕履行合同
2) Failure to perform an entire obligation是指違約方有履行合同,但是他履行得不到位。(比如:合同規(guī)定要完成10分的工作量,結(jié)果只完成了3分的工作量)
3) Incapacitation 是指違約方本身已沒(méi)有能力或者沒(méi)有資格執(zhí)行該項(xiàng)合同,但是他還與被違約方簽訂合同。
4) Breach of condition (a fundamental term of the contract)是指違約方違反了合同中最重要/根本的條款【這一條要尤其引起重視,考題經(jīng)常會(huì)問(wèn):Breach of condition 是屬于哪種類型的違約呢? 這個(gè)要選擇Repudiatory breach】
5) Breach of an innominate term 是指:違背的這個(gè) innominate term,是最終被法官判定為違反condition的條款。(注:innominate term包含兩種結(jié)果:要么違反condition條款,要么違反warranty條款;而這里的第5條Breach of an innominate term,專指的是違反condition條款)
(3)被違約方的選擇:(2種)
針對(duì)違約方引起的Repudiatory breach,可以給被違約方兩種選擇;但無(wú)論選擇哪種,都一定要告知對(duì)方自己的選擇(must notify)。具體兩種選擇如下:
1) 被違約方可以選擇解除合同,直接申請(qǐng)賠償(考題中會(huì)用到的詞匯:discharge/ repudiate the contract 使合同無(wú)效)
2) 被違約方可以選擇確認(rèn)合同(考題中會(huì)用到的詞匯:affirm the contract),這個(gè)是指不解除合同,被違約方會(huì)繼續(xù)履行這個(gè)合同內(nèi)容。
(舉個(gè)例子:有一個(gè)買家去商店買商品,但是買回來(lái)后發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)商品有很嚴(yán)重的缺陷,如果買家選擇讓賣家退錢,那么就是第一種情況,解除合同;如果買家選擇讓賣家重新給換一個(gè)質(zhì)量好的商品,那么這個(gè)就叫確認(rèn)合同)
2、Anticipatory breach
(1)概念
Anticipatory breach是指預(yù)期違約。違約方在他履行合同之前就告訴被違約方自己未來(lái)會(huì)違約。(before the due date for performance)
(2)被違約方的選擇:(2種)
1) 被違約方可以在得知對(duì)方未來(lái)要違約這個(gè)信息后立即起訴。
2) 被違約方可以照常履行這個(gè)合同,等合同到期之后,向違約方索要全部的損失。
注:預(yù)期違約是不要求一定要告訴對(duì)方自己的選擇的。
好了,以上就是對(duì)Repudiatory breach實(shí)質(zhì)性違約與Anticipatory breach預(yù)期性違約知識(shí)點(diǎn)的講解,希望同學(xué)們課后及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)哦!
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
相信各位ACCA考生在平時(shí)的做題以及上課過(guò)程中都已經(jīng)接觸到了與SOPL和SOFP相關(guān)的一些知識(shí)。SOPL和SOFP都是ACCA(AB)科目中比較重點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容,今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)給大家整理了與SOFP和SOPL相聯(lián)系的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
SOFP介紹
首先我們來(lái)看一下資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表。它的英文名稱叫做Statement of financial position, 簡(jiǎn)稱SOFP。曾用名是Balance sheet,簡(jiǎn)稱B/S。資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表其強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)點(diǎn)的概念,也就是at a particular date。它看的是截止到這個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上的asset、liability以及equity的狀況是怎樣的。
所謂的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表觀指的是 Asset=Liability+Equity。
Asset分為Non current asset 和Current asset。Non current asset是指不能在1年或者超過(guò)1年的1個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期內(nèi)變現(xiàn)或者耗用的資產(chǎn)。典型的Non current asset有:Property, plant and equipment; Current asset是指企業(yè)可以在1年或者超過(guò)1年的1個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期內(nèi)變現(xiàn)或者運(yùn)用的資產(chǎn)。常見(jiàn)的Current asset有:Inventory; Trade receivables; Cash and cash equivalents. Share capital以及Retained earning是屬于Equity中的。
Liability也是分為Non current liability和Current liability的。Non current liability非流動(dòng)負(fù)債又稱為長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債。是指償還期在1年以上的債務(wù)。比如:Long-term borrowing; Current liability流動(dòng)負(fù)債是指在1年或者1年以內(nèi)的1個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)周期內(nèi)償還的債務(wù)。比如:Trade payable; Short term borrowing.
站在AB科目的角度上,對(duì)于資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表這里,我們還涉及一個(gè)公式:Working capital營(yíng)運(yùn)資本=current asset-current liability
SOPL介紹
接下來(lái),我們?cè)賮?lái)看下利潤(rùn)表。它的英文名稱叫做Statement of profit or loss 簡(jiǎn)稱SOPL。它也可以叫做 income statement, 它是反映企業(yè)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)(月份、年度) 經(jīng)營(yíng)成果(利潤(rùn)或虧損) 的報(bào)表。
在學(xué)習(xí)AB科目的時(shí)候,我們也要簡(jiǎn)單的知道哪些是屬于SOPL中的。
比如 Revenue/sales/turnover; Cost of sales; Gross profit; Expense......這些都是屬于SOPL中的。所以考試的時(shí)候一定要判斷出來(lái),哪些是屬于SOFP,哪些是屬于SOPL的。
相信大家在做題的時(shí)候也發(fā)現(xiàn)了,有的題目會(huì)說(shuō)高估期末存貨對(duì)profit有什么影響?這是由于一個(gè)公式得來(lái)的。
Opening inventory + purchase - cost of sales = Closing inventory
如果高估期末存貨,那么就相當(dāng)于低估了cost of sales。那么根據(jù)SOPL的格式。Revenue-cost of sales=gross profit,所以低估cost of sales就相當(dāng)于高估了profit。所以才是高估期末存貨相當(dāng)于高估了gross profit。
好啦,本期的知識(shí)點(diǎn)就到這里結(jié)束了,我們下期再見(jiàn)。
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫
審計(jì)移送處理書(shū)和審計(jì)決定書(shū)主要有兩點(diǎn)區(qū)別,具體如下:
1.審計(jì)決定書(shū)是審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)被審計(jì)單位直接進(jìn)行的處理、處罰,按照《審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)審計(jì)項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量控制辦法》第六十五條的規(guī)定執(zhí)行;審計(jì)移送處理書(shū)是審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)審計(jì)被審計(jì)單位后,不能直接進(jìn)行處理,按照職責(zé)范圍,應(yīng)當(dāng)交由其他部門糾正、處理、處罰或者追究有關(guān)責(zé)任人員行政責(zé)任、刑事責(zé)任而形成的一類審計(jì)文書(shū),其按照《審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)審計(jì)項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量控制辦法》第六十六條的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。
2.審計(jì)決定書(shū)主要是對(duì)“事”的處理、處罰。即審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)被審計(jì)單位違反國(guó)家規(guī)定的財(cái)政收支、財(cái)務(wù)收支行為的處理、處罰,也包括審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)直接對(duì)“人”的處罰,即依法對(duì)有關(guān)責(zé)任人員進(jìn)行的審計(jì)罰款。而審計(jì)移送處理書(shū)既對(duì)“事”進(jìn)行糾正、處理、處罰,也對(duì)“人”進(jìn)行處罰,但主要是對(duì)“人”的處理。即審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)出具審計(jì)移送處理書(shū)進(jìn)行依法移送,由有權(quán)處理的機(jī)關(guān)追究有關(guān)責(zé)任人員的行政責(zé)任或刑事責(zé)任。
審計(jì)移送處理書(shū)是審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)審計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的依法應(yīng)當(dāng)由其他有關(guān)部門糾正、處理、處罰或者追究有關(guān)人員行政責(zé)任、刑事責(zé)任的書(shū)面文件。
審計(jì)決定書(shū)是指審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)在審定審計(jì)報(bào)告后,依據(jù)《審計(jì)報(bào)告》中所列的被審計(jì)單位違反國(guó)家規(guī)定的財(cái)政收支、財(cái)務(wù)收支的行為,對(duì)被審計(jì)單位依法給予處理、處罰的審計(jì)文書(shū)。
審計(jì)決定是加強(qiáng)國(guó)家的審計(jì)監(jiān)督,維護(hù)國(guó)家財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序,促進(jìn)廉政建設(shè),保障國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)健康發(fā)展的重要工具。對(duì)違反國(guó)家規(guī)定的財(cái)政收支、財(cái)務(wù)收支的行為具有實(shí)行懲戒與教育的直接效力。