4S店銷售汽車的賬務處理,主要涉及預付車款、收到整車及發票、銷售整車等方面的會計核算。
4S店汽車銷售的賬務處理
1、預付車款
借:預付賬款
貸:銀行存款
2、收到整車及發票
借:庫存商品
應交稅費—應交增值稅(進項稅)
貸:預付賬款
3、銷售時:
(1)收到預收款:
借:銀行存款
貸:預收賬款—預收車款
其他應付款—代收款項(代收客戶驗車費和購置稅及保險費)
(2)開具機動車發票:
借:預收賬款—預收車款
貸:主營業務收入—整車銷售收入
應交稅費—應交增值稅(銷項稅)
(3)代客戶繳納保險費和購置稅:
借:其他應付款—代收款項
貸:庫存現金
(4)代客戶付保險費(一般保險費都是和保險公司聯網,如果客戶自己有銀行卡可以直接刷卡,如果沒有就需要用公司的卡刷,公司可以去開戶行辦理商務卡):
借:其他應付款—代收款項
貸:銀行存款
(5)結轉銷售成本
借:主營業務成本—汽車銷售成本
貸:庫存商品
預付賬款指買賣雙方協議商定,由購貨方預先支付一部分貨款給供應方而發生的一項債權。預付賬款一般包括預付的貨款、預付的購貨定金。施工企業的預付賬款主要包括預付工程款、預付備料款等。預付賬款是預先付給供貨方客戶的款項,也是公司債權的組成部分。
作為流動資產,預付賬款不是用貨幣抵償的,而是要求企業在短期內以某種商品、提供勞務或服務來抵償。借方登記企業向供貨商預付的貨款,貸方登記企業收到所購物品應結轉的預付貨款,期末借方余額反映企業向供貨單位預付而尚未發出貨物的預付貨款;本科目期末借方余額,反映企業預付的款項;期末如為貸方余額,反映企業尚未補付獲得商品和勞務的款項。
預收賬款是指企業向購貨方預收的購貨訂金或部分貨款。預收賬款是以買賣雙方協議或合同為依據,由購貨方預先支付一部分(或全部) 貨款給供應方而發生的一項負債,這項負債要用以后的商品或勞務來償付。
對于4S店出售的試駕車,會計人員可通過固定資產清理科目進行相關賬務處理,具體做法是什么?
4S店試駕車出售怎么做賬?
案例:4S店購進一輛試駕車,車款150000(含稅價),交車輛購置稅1500,車船稅200,保險3500,款已付,兩年后將此試駕車出售,售價100000,車輛的凈殘值5%,按照直線法計提折舊,相關的會計分錄怎么做?
試駕車購進時走固定資產科目:
借:固定資產 150000
管理費用——車輛購置稅 1500
管理費用——車船稅 200
管理費用——保險 3500
貸:銀行存款 155200
每年折舊數沒有給出,設折舊年限為x
兩年后售出:
借:固定資產清理 150000-X(在沒有兼職準備的情況下)
累計折舊
貸:固定資產——試駕車 150000
銷售舊車時發生費用(增值稅):
借:固定資產清理
貸:銀行存款
應交稅費——應交增值稅(未交稅金)
借:應交稅費——應交增值稅(未交稅金)
貸:銀行存款
收到車款:
借:銀行存款
貸:固定資產清理
應交稅費——應交增值稅
營業外收入
繳納增值稅:
借:應交稅費——應交增值稅
貸:銀行存款
“固定資產清理”是資產類賬戶,用來核算企業因出售、報廢和毀損等原因轉入清理的固定資產凈值以及在清理過程中所發生的清理費用和清理收入。借方登記固定資產轉入清理的凈值和清理過程中發生的費用;貸方登記出售固定資產的取得的價款、殘料價值和變價收入。其貸方余額表示清理后的凈收益;借方余額表示清理后的凈損失。清理完畢后凈收益轉入“營業外收入”賬戶;凈損失轉入“營業外支出”賬戶。
很快又進入到2021年新一輪ACCA備考階段,在ACCA考試中,FM一向都是重難點比較多的科目,對此,會計網整理了歷年考試大家經常會出錯的常考點內容,希望有所幫助。
FM科目高易錯點講解
Part E 高頻易錯點
Part E 與Part F可以放在一起復習,因為cost of capital 很多計算邏輯,都是基于Part F的估值邏輯,即任何一個金融資產,其市值都等于該金融資產未來產生的現金流折現到今天的現值(market value = Present value of future cash flows)
WACC的計算總結請詳見以下表格,總的來說,WACC屬于萬變不離其宗,所以需要理解公式背后的邏輯。
特別注意,WACC計算一定要算稅后的債權資本成本,永遠要考慮tax benefit。
Part F 高頻易錯點
Part F 與part E邏輯剛好相反,part E是已知market value求折現率(即cost of capital),而part F是已知折現率(cost of capital),求market value。
很多小可愛的問題在于,為啥我們在part E一直強調算稅后的cost of capital,到了估值了,怎么做題就用稅前的折現率了。
現在來回答這個問題哦,到底什么時候用Kdat,什么時候用Kd?(不需要死記硬背,請認真理解)
你有沒有發覺,在估值(valuation)的時候,我們往往用的是Kd (debt investor’s required rate of return) 沒有特別強調一定要用Kdat, 但是在計算WACC的債權資本的成本的時候,我們一直在強調一定要算到Kdat, 原因如下:
在計算WACC的時候,WACC叫做企業使用多種融資方式下的加權資本成本,因此我們要計算的是,企業真實的債權資本成本。由于企業使用債券融資,可以抵稅,所以必須要算到Kdat, 才能正確計算WACC。而現在,我們是在估值,估值更多是站在投資者的角度,投資者并不能抵稅,所以估值的時候多用的是稅前的Kd,同學們不用死記,只需記住,估值的時候只需保證現金流與折現率相匹配即可(matching principle)。給你什么已知條件,用什么折現率,即稅前現金流對應Kd,稅后現金流對應Kdat。
Part G 高頻易錯點
Part G也是近期特別高頻的考點,基本上出現在section B案例選擇題,同時也是大家特別頭痛的章節。
其實part G兩個章節的思路非常相似,都是管理風險。首先掌握企業面臨的風險的定義、類型以及產生原因,再學習影響該風險的理論解釋,最后學習如何具體管理。管理的方法又分成了內部的和外部的。大家可以將這兩章對比著來學習,特別是衍生品的部分,特征,優缺點均一致。
下面講講讓大家頭禿的Part G部分的高頻考點總結:
對于購買力平價與利率平價理論的應用,考試的時候公式會給你,所以只需要分清楚怎么用這個公式即可,第一要分清,購買力平價,即通貨膨脹率影響的是future spot rate (S1), 而利率平價,即利率影響的是forward rate (F0),這個很好分清,因為考試會給你公式,你記住F0 指的是forward rate即可。第二一定要記住,這兩個理論一定要time proportion!如果求N個月之后的匯率,一定要記得通貨膨脹率/利率乘以n/12。與之類比,money market hedge計算中,也需要time proportion。
衍生品各自的優缺點,特別是遠期合約、期貨、期權互相的對比,是考試特別常考的類型,需要同學們多練習與總結。在這里我們總結一些常考的部分。
首先遠期合約(forward)是最簡單的,指的是你現在跟銀行約定好的一份合約,合約明確了未來的交易時間、交易數量和交易價格,是此刻雙方的一份承諾。不管未來當時的價格如何,都按照forward定好的價格交易,優點是操作簡單,缺點就是forward rate往往不友好且沒有flexibility,哪怕現實價格朝著對你好的方向波動,都必須履行,不然你就default了,銀行是絕對不允許你違約的。
future是標準化的forward,其標準體現在交易數量和交易日期都是固定的,future優于forward的點在于,如果不想持有了,可以平倉賣掉,且價格透明(transparent),交易成本低(transaction cost is low),基本上future可以說是衍生品當中交易成本最低的了,只需要支付一些傭金即可擁有它,棒不棒?缺點是和forward一樣,并不能享受好的方向的波動,就算現貨市場賺了,期貨市場也會虧掉,一虧一賺,最終還是鎖定成本而已。
Option就不一樣了,它這個合約僅僅是一份權利,即如果現實朝著向你好的方向波動,你可以選擇不行權,此時就能享受favourable movement了,當然,你付出的代價是,option premium很貴,而且不管你行權與否,購買期權的時候,你都得支付。
管理風險的內部方法,在選擇題當中也出現的很頻繁,對于管理外匯風險的方法,可能會出文字題,需要考前過一下關鍵詞。
而管理利率風險,同學們需要區分管理的方法-smoothing/matching/asset and liability
Matching is where liabilities and assets with a common interest rate are matched.
Smoothing is where a company keeps a balance between its fixed rate and floating rate borrowing.
Asset and liability management can hedge interest rate risk by matching the maturity of assets and liabilities
以上就是每章特別易錯的部分的總結啦,另外特別提醒,FM文字題其實占了section C一半江山,同學們瘋狂練習NPV和WACC的時候,不要忘記總結和背誦文字的理論部分哦。
來源:ACCA學習幫
作為汽車4s店的會計人員,必須熟練掌握關于汽車銷售的基本賬務處理。汽車銷售的賬務處理一般涉及整車銷售和汽車配件的有關核算,相應的會計分錄該怎么做?
汽車4s店會計分錄
一、整車銷售相關會計分錄
1、預付車款:
借:預付賬款
貸:銀行存款
2、收到采購發票:
借:庫存商品
應交稅費—應交增值稅(進項稅)
貸:預付賬款
3、銷售:
(1)收到預收款:
借:銀行存款
貸:預收賬款—預收車款,
其他應付款—代收款項(代收客戶驗車費和購置稅及保險費)
(2)開具機動車發票:
借:預收賬款—預收車款
貸:主營業務收入—汽車銷售收入
應交稅費—應交增值稅(銷項稅)
(3)代客戶繳納保險費和購置稅:
借:其他應付款—代收款項
貸:庫存現金
(4)結轉銷售成本:
借:主營業務成本—汽車銷售成本
貸:庫存商品
二、汽車飾品及配件的會計分錄
1、飾品、配件購入時
借:庫存商品—飾品、配件
應交稅費—應交增值稅 (進項稅額)
貸:銀行存款
2、飾品、配件銷售時
(1)確認收入
借:應收賬款/銀行存款等
貸:主營業務收入—飾品、配件銷售收入
應交稅費一應交增值稅 (銷項稅額)
3、結轉配件銷售成本
借:主營業務成本—飾品、配件成本
貸:庫存商品—飾品、配件
主營業務成本:指企業銷售商品、提供勞務等經常性活動所發生的成本。包括直接材料、直接人工和制造費用。企業一般在確認銷售商品、提供勞務等主營業務收入時,或在月末,將已銷售商品、已提供勞務的成本轉入主營業務成本。
主營業務收入:指企業從事本行業生產經營活動所取得的營業收入。主營業務收入包括制造業的銷售產品、半成品和提供工業性勞務作業的收入;商品流通企業的銷售商品收入;旅游服務業的門票收入、客戶收入、餐飲收入等。
4s店發生的汽車維修費用,一般分為三包期內的免費維修和收費維修兩種情況。不同情況下,相應的會計分錄處理也有所不同。
4s店維修費用如何做會計分錄?
1、三包期內的免費維修
借:銷售費用-維修費
貸:銀行存款(或庫存現金、原材料等科目)
2、收費維修
借:銀行存款(或庫存現金、應收賬款等科目)
貸:其他業務收入
應交稅費-應交增值稅-銷項稅額
借:其他業務成本
貸:銀行存款(或庫存現金、原材料等科目)
維修費會計分錄
維修費用計入管理費用、銷售費用科目:
借:管理費用/銷售費用
貸:銀行存款
管理費用和銷售費用是什么?
管理費用,是指企業為組織和管理生產經營發生的各種費用,包括:
1、企業在籌建期間內發生的開辦費。
2、董事會和行政管理部門在企業的經營管理中發生的以及應由企業統一負擔的公司經費(包括行政管理部門職工薪酬、物料消耗、低值易耗品攤銷、辦公費和差旅費等)。
3、行政管理部門負擔的工會經費。
4、董事會費(包括董事會成員津貼、會議費和差旅費等)。
5、聘請中介機構費。
6、咨詢費(含顧問費)。
7、訴訟費、業務招待費、技術轉讓費、研究費用等。
8、企業生產車間(部門)和行政管理部門發生的固定資產修理費用等后續支出。
銷售費用是指企業銷售商品和材料、提供勞務的過程中發生的各種費用,包括:
1、企業在銷售商品過程中發生的保險費、包裝費、展覽費和廣告費、商品維修費、預計產品質量保證損失、運輸費、裝卸費等。
2、為銷售本企業商品而專設的銷售機構(含銷售網點、售后服務網點等)的職工薪酬、業務費、折舊費等經營費用。
3、企業發生的與專設銷售機構相關的固定資產修理費用等后續支出。
隨著社會生活水平的提高,越來越多人選擇購買車輛作為代步工具。對于4s店而言,銷售汽車時應該如何做賬務處理?
4S店銷售汽車的會計分錄
1、采用預收款方式銷售時
(1)收到預收款:
借:銀行存款
貸:預收賬款——預收車款
其他應付款——代收款項(代收客戶驗車費和購置稅及保險費)
(2)開具機動車發票:
借:預收賬款——預收車款
貸:主營業務收入——汽車銷售收入
應交稅費——應交增值稅(銷項稅額)
(3)代付客戶繳納保險費和購置稅:
借:其他應付款——代收款項
貸:庫存現金/銀行存款
(4)結轉銷售成本:
借:主營業務成本——汽車銷售成本
貸:庫存商品
2、如果4S店通過給客戶貸款的方式,其賬務處理如下
(1)銷售時:
借:庫存現金/銀行存款(首付款部分)
應收賬款(貸款部分)
貸:主營業務收入
應交稅費——應交增值稅(銷項稅額)
(2)收到銀行發放的貸款時:
借:銀行存款
貸:短期借款——xx銀行
(3)每月,客戶還款(包括每月的本金及利息):
借:庫存現金/銀行存款
貸:應收賬款
其他應付款——應付貸款利息
(4)客戶還款還入銀行:
借:短期借款——xx銀行
其他應付款——應付貸款利息
貸:庫存現金/銀行存款
什么是主營業務收入?
主營業務收入是指企業從事本行業生產經營活動所取得的營業收入。主營業務收入根據各行業企業所從事的不同活動而有所區別,如工業企業的主營業務收入指“產品銷售收入”;建筑業企業的主營業務收入指“工程結算收入”;交通運輸業企業的主營業務收入指“交通運輸收入”;房地產業企業的主營業務收入指“房地產經營收入”等。
4S店是以“四位一體”為核心的汽車特許經營模式,包括整車銷售、零配件、售后服務、信息反饋等。4S店發生索賠和保養業務時,相關的會計分錄怎么做?
汽車4S店索賠和保養的會計分錄
一、整車銷售
1、預付車款
借:預付賬款
貸:銀行存款
2、收到采購發票
借:庫存商品
應交稅費——應交增值稅(進項稅)
貸:預付賬款
3、銷售
(1)收到預收款:
借:銀行存款
貸:預收賬款——預收車款
其他應付款——代收款項(代收客戶驗車費和購置稅及保險費)
(2)開具機動車發票:
借:預收賬款——預收車款
貸:主營業務收入——汽車銷售收入
應交稅費——應交增值稅(銷項稅)
(3)代客戶繳納保險費和購置稅:
借:其他應付款——代收款項
貸:庫存現金
(4)代客戶付保險費:
借:其他應付款——代收款項
貸:銀行存款
4、結轉銷售成本
借:主營業務成本——汽車銷售成本
貸:庫存商品
二、精品銷售
(1)開具增值稅發票
借:預收賬款——預收車款
貸:主營業務收入——精品裝飾收入
應交稅費——應交增值稅(銷項稅)
(2)結轉裝飾成本
借:主營業務成本——精品裝飾成本
貸:庫存商品
三、配件銷售
(1)配件購入
借:庫存商品——配件
應交稅費——應交增值稅(進項稅)
貸:銀行存款
(2)配件銷售
借:應收賬款
貸:主營業務收入——配件銷售收入
應交稅費——應交增值稅(銷項稅)
(3)結轉配件銷售成本
借:主營業務成本
貸:庫存商品
四、保險理賠
(1)一般關于保險公司理賠維修先掛賬
借:應收賬款——**保險公司
貸:主營業務收入——維修收入
應交稅費——應交增值稅(銷項稅)
(2)保險公司回款
借:銀行存款
貸:應收賬款——**保險公司
其他應付款——退三者修理費
(3)退三者修理費
借:其他應付款——退三者修理費
貸:庫存現金
(4)結轉維修成本
借:主營業務成本——維修
貸:庫存商品——配件
應付職工薪酬
五、售后維修
(1)收到預收維修款
借:銀行存款
貸:預收賬款——預收維修款
(2)開具維修發票
借:預收賬款——預收維修款
貸:主營業務收入——維修收入
應交稅費——應交增值稅(銷項稅)
(3)結轉維修成本
借:主營業務成本——維修成本
貸:庫存商品
應付職工薪酬
六、保修保養費用
(1)發生保修保養費用
借;應收賬款——廠家
貸:主營業務收入——配件銷售收入
主營業務收入——工時收入
應交稅費——應交增值稅(銷項稅)
(2)收到廠家確認電傳文件
借:預付賬款
貸:應收賬款——廠家
什么是預收賬款?
預收賬款是指企業向購貨方預收的購貨訂金或部分貨款。
預付賬款是什么?
預付賬款是指企業按照購貨合同的規定,預先以貨幣資金或貨幣等價物支付供應單位的款項。
汽車4s店的主要業務分為:整車銷售、精品銷售、配件銷售、保險理賠、售后維修、保修保養費用等,關于這些業務具體的會計分錄是什么?
4s店銷售汽車的會計分錄
一、整車銷售
1、預付車款
借:預付賬款
貸:銀行存款
2、收到采購發票
借:庫存商品
應交稅費—應交增值稅(進項稅額)
貸:預付賬款/銀行存款
3、銷售汽車
(1)收到預收款
借:銀行存款
貸:預收賬款—預收車款
其他應付款—代收款項(代收客戶驗車費和購置稅及保險費)
2、開具機動車發票
借:預收賬款—預收車款
貸:主營業務收入—汽車銷售收入
應交稅費—應交增值稅(銷項稅額)
3、代客戶繳納保險費和購置稅
借:其他應付款—代收款項
貸:庫存現金/銀行存款
4、結轉銷售成本
借:主營業務成本—汽車銷售成本
貸:庫存商品
二、精品裝飾銷售
1、開具增值稅發票
借:預收賬款—預收車款
貸:主營業務收入—精品裝飾收入
應交稅費—應交增值稅(銷項稅額)
2、結轉裝飾成本
借:主營業務成本—精品裝飾成本
貸:庫存商品
三、配件銷售
1、配件購入
借:庫存商品—配件
應交稅費—應交增值稅(進項稅額)
貸:銀行存款
2、配件銷售
借:應收賬款
貸:主營業務收入—配件銷售收入
應交稅費—應交增值稅(銷項稅額)
3、結轉配件銷售成本
借:主營業務成本
貸:庫存商品
四、保險理賠
1、一般關于保險公司理賠維修先掛賬
借:應收賬款—XX保險公司
貸:主營業務收入—維修收入
應交稅費—應交增值稅(銷項稅額)
2、保險公司回款(保險公司回款其中有部分款是退三者的修理費)
借:銀行存款
貸:應收賬款—XX保險公司
其他應付款
3、退三者修理費
借:其他應付款—退三者修理費
貸:庫存現金
4、結轉維修成本
借:主營業務成本—維修
貸:庫存商品—配件
應付職工薪酬
五、售后維修
1、收到預收維修款
借:銀行存款
貸:預收賬款—預收維修款
2、開具維修發票
借:預收賬款—預收維修款
貸:主營業務收入—維修收入
應交稅費—應交增值稅(銷項稅額)
3、結轉維修成本
借:主營業務成本—維修成本
貸:庫存商品
應付職工薪酬
六、保修保養費用
1、發生保修保養費用
借:應收賬款—廠家
貸:主營業務收入—配件銷售收入—工時收入
應交稅費—應交增值稅(銷項稅額)
2、收到廠家確認電傳文件
借:預付賬款
貸:應收賬款—廠家
什么是預付賬款?
預付賬款是指企業按照購貨合同的規定,預先以貨幣資金或貨幣等價物支付供應單位的款項。在日常核算中,預付賬款按實際付出的金額入賬,如商品采購貨款、預付的材料等。
在ACCA考試中,F9階段有一個核心高頻考點一直讓考生們比較難理解的,這個考點就是“Financial Market”,對此,會計網今天就跟大家詳解這個考點內容。
在學習financial market時,我們主要需要掌握三種不同類型的劃分。
第三章之初我們知道了financial market是direct finance的市場,現在來細看一下。
按融資時間長度來分,分為money market--貨幣市場,和capital market--資本市場。股權融資/債務融資。貨幣市場主要是銀行的天下,但大型的企業和政府也會參與。金融工具的期限小于一年,基本上是debt finance,通過債券進行融資。
其中最安全的就是Treasury bill國債。其次為定期存單,是由銀行發行的。最早美國的利率是固定的,后來花旗銀行發明了CD,特征是大額的,短期的;接下來是信用等級比較高的公司發行的匯票和一般商業匯票。
另一面是資本市場,金融工具的到期時間大于一年,長期性質的融資,包含debt finance和equity finance,股權融資通常都是在資本市場進行的。
在資本市場中的金融產品,安全系數最高的就是debenture公司信用債券,其次是無擔保的垃圾債,即評級低的債券,之后是在主板市場交易的股票,最后是AIM (Alternative investment market)發行的股票,在我國主要是指新三板。
一二級市場主要是根據市場活躍主體的不同而進行區別的一種方法。不同行業的一二級市場概念與分類都不一樣。
在金融行業,一級市場(Primary Market/ New Issue Market)是籌集資金的公司或政府機構將其新發行的股票和債券等證券銷售給最初購買者的金融市場。
二級市場(security/secondary market)即證券交易市場也稱證券流通市場、次級市場,是指對已經發行的證券進行買賣,轉讓和流通的市場。在二級市場上銷售證券的收入屬于出售證券的投資者,而不屬于發行該證券的公司。所以一級市場主要是發行者和承銷商的交易;二級市場主要是投資者之間的交易。
場內交易和場外交易指的是進行證券交易的場所之差別,其主要區別在于:
① 場內交易有固定的場所(證券交易所),在固定的時間、按一定規則進行;場外交易沒有固定的場所和固定的時間,通過電話也可以成交。
② 場內交易是一種競價交易方式,是按最高還價或最低還價成交的,證券價格的確定是公開拍賣的結果;場外交易是隨行就市,通過買賣雙方討價還價,直接協商決定成交價格,采用議價交易方式。
③ 場內交易一般多是以100股為單位數量的整股交易,場外交易則比較分散、靈活、零星。
④ 場內交易市場僅買賣已上市的股票(即符合交易所規定并在交易所注冊的股票);場外交易既可買賣上市股票,也可買賣未上市的股票。
來源:ACCA學習幫
2023年CFA二級考試大綱已經發布出來了,各科目考試權重和去年一致,雖然有新增部分,但也有部分考綱被刪除,整體難度并沒有增加,所以大家也不用恐慌。我們來看看吧。
CFA二級考綱變動說明
1. 各科目考試權重和去年一致,沒有發生變化
2. 取消了之前Reading的概念,改為了現在的module,從而更好地與官網學習系統契合。
CFA二級考綱變動詳情
1. 考綱細則無變動的科目
固收:原來的5個Reading現調整為5個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動。
道德:原來的3個Reading現調整為3個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動。
衍生:原來的2個Reading現調整為2個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動,僅順序有一定微調。
經濟:原來的3個Reading現調整為3個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動。僅將原Reading 7 Economic growth and the investment decision的標題變成Learning Module 2 Economic growth,考綱細節內容無變動。
另類:原來的3個Reading現調整為5個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動。但新考綱Module 3 LOS a-b,將原考綱k, l中對REITS的描述改為publicly traded real estate securities。
2. 考綱細則刪除的科目
組合:原來的7個Reading現調整為7個Learning Module。
原Reading 42 Economics and investment markets對應的是Learning Module 5。
其中刪除了一條考綱k describe how economic analysis is used in sector rotation strategies。
權益:原來的8個Reading現調整為4個Learning Module。
刪除Reading 21 Return concepts收益概念和Reading 22 Industry and company analysis公司和行業分析,其余部分考綱細則不變,僅考綱順序進行了微調。
3. 考綱細則新增的科目
財報:原來的6個Reading現調整為7個Learning Module。
新增考綱:Financial Statement Modeling財務報表建模
全章節新增,部分內容與2022年權益Reading 22 Industry and company analysis行業和公司分析接近。
新增考綱細則如下:
(1)compare top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid approaches for developing inputs to equity valuation models
(2)compare “growth relative to GDP growth” and “market growth and market share” approaches to forecasting revenue
(3)evaluate whether economies of scale are present in an industry by analyzing operating margins and sales levels
(4)demonstrate methods to forecast cost of goods sold and operating expenses
(5)demonstrate methods to forecast non-operating items, financing costs, and income taxes
(6)describe approaches to balance sheet modeling
(7)demonstrate the development of a sales-based pro forma company model
(8)explain how behavioral factors affect analyst forecasts and recommend remedial actions for analyst biases
(9)explain how competitive factors affect prices and costs
(10)evaluate the competitive position of a company based on a Porter’s five forces analysis
(11)explain how to forecast industry and company sales and costs when they are subject to price inflation or deflation
(12)evaluate the effects of technological developments on demand, selling prices, costs, and margins
(13)explain considerations in the choice of an explicit forecast horizon
(14)explain an analyst’s choices in developing projections beyond the short-term forecast horizon
數量:原來的5個Reading現調整為7個Learning Module。
刪除原Reading 1 Introduction to linear regression一元線性回歸內容下放到一級數量中的最后一個模塊。
原Reading 2 Multiple regression多元回歸內容拆分成4個模塊module 1-module 4。
與原Reading 2考綱細節做比對,考綱的順序、表示和知識點都有較大變化,部分考綱進行了拆分,變化結果如下:
考綱刪除3條:
(1)formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis about the population value of. a regression coefficient, calculate the value of the test statistic, and determine whether to reject the null hypothesis at a given level of significance;
(2)interpret the results of hypothesis tests of regression coefficients;
(3)evaluate and interpret a multiple regression model and its results.
考綱新增2條:
(1)describe the types of investment problems addressed by multiple linear regression and the regression process
(2)describe influence analysis and methods of detecting influential data points
原Reading 4對應的是module 6。其中新增了一條考綱f describe supervised machine learning, unsupervised machine learning, and deep learning.
公司金融:考綱變動最大的科目。原來的5個Reading現調整為4個Learning Module。
刪除原Reading 15 Capital Structure資本結構章節和Reading 19 Capital Budgeting資本預算章節,精簡并下放到一級。
新增:Cost of Capital: Advanced Topics
新增考綱細則如下:
(1)explain top-down and bottom-up factors that impact the cost of capital
(2)Compare methods used to estimate the cost of debt.
(3)explain historical and forward-looking approaches to estimating an equity risk
premium
(4)compare methods used to estimate the required return on equity
(5)estimate the cost of debt or required return on equity for a public company and a private company
(6)evaluate a company’s capital structure and cost of capital relative to peers
原Reading 18 Measures and Acquisitions兼并收購章節調整為Learnings Module 4 Corporate Restructurings企業重組,章節內容完全重寫,新增內容為各種公司重組事件、他們的分析和納入財務模型的預測和估值。
企業重組模塊考綱細則如下:
(1)explain types of corporate restructurings and issuers’ motivations for pursuing them
(2)explain the initial evaluation of a corporate restructuring
(3)demonstrate valuation methods for, and interpret valuations of, companies involved in corporate restructurings
(4)demonstrate how corporate restructurings affect an issuer’s EPS, net debt to EBITDA ratio, and weighted average cost of capital
(5)evaluate corporate investment actions, including equity investments, joint ventures, and acquisitions
(6)evaluate corporate divestment actions, including sales and spin offsevaluate cost and balance sheet restructurings
CFA二級考綱變動總結
雖然CFA二級考綱中有新增的部分,但也有部分考綱被刪除,整體難度并沒有增加,所以大家也不用恐慌。
對于備考新手來說,無需太過關注之前的考綱,只需要按照新考綱去備考即可。
對于“二戰”考生來說,則需要關注一下組合和權益科目中刪除的考綱,避免增加學習負擔。此外需要特別注意:財報、數量和公金科目,尤其是變動幅度最大的公金。
本文由高頓金融分析師原創編輯,作者:向俊。
swot分析法中的s代表的是企業內部優勢,是能給企業帶來重要競爭優勢的積極因素或獨特能力。SWOT分析是一種綜合考慮企業內部條件和外部環境的各種因素,進行系統評價,從而選擇最佳經營戰略的方法。
SWOT分析實際上是將對企業內外部條件各方面內容進行綜合和概括,分析企業的優劣勢、面臨的機會和威脅,進而幫助企業進行戰略選擇的一種方法。
SWOT分析法中的英文分別指什么?
SWOT分析法中的英文分別指:S是指企業內部的優勢,W是指企業內部的劣勢,O是指企業外部環境中的機會,T是指企業外部環境中的威脅。
swot介析法四個步驟是什么?
swot介析法四個步驟分別是:
1、分析環境因素:利用各種調查研究方法,分析出公司所處的各種環境因素,即外部環境因素和內部能力因素。在調查分析這些因素時,不僅要考慮到公司的歷中與現狀,而且要考慮公司的未來發展。
2、構造SWOT矩陣:將調查得出的各種因素根據輕重緩急或影響程度等排序方式,構造SWOT矩陣。
3、制定行動計劃:在完成環境因素分析和SWOT矩陣的構造后,便可以制定出相應的行動計劃。
4、考慮過去,立足當前,著眼未來:運用系統分析的綜合分析方法,將排列與考慮的各種環境因素相互匹配起來加以組合,得出一系列公司未來發展的可選擇對策。
SWOT分析法中的威脅包括什么?
SWOT分析法中的威脅包括新的競爭對手;替代產品增多;市場緊縮;行業政策變化;經濟衰退;客戶偏好改變;突發事件等。威脅也是組織機構的外部因素。
SWOT分析法中的機會包括什么?
SWOT分析法中的機會包括新產品;新市場;新需求;外國市場壁壘解除;競爭對手失誤等。機會是組織機構的外部因素。
ACCA F7是ACCA中其中一門科目,現在給大家進行知識點解析:“合并財務報表”,一共分為三部分,這是第二部分,幫助大家對逐個擊破合并財務報表中的“疑難雜癥”。另外,合并財務報表疑難解析part1和合并財務報表疑難解析part3分別點擊紅色字體即可查看哦。
F7.合并財務報表(consideration transferred)主要討論
所謂consideration(對價)
在合并中用大白話解釋就是投資方為了獲得被投資方的股權所付出的代價。我們需要做的就是給這個“代價”確定一個合適價值。對于本知識點的考察,既可以像以往考試出現在合并財務報表的大題,也可以單獨以選擇題,可以說是每次考試必考的內容。
在實務中,合并的對價多種多樣,有直接支付現金的;有拿股權置換的;也有以非貨幣性資產投資的等等。在考試中,通常考察下列四類合并對價的類型
※逐一展開說明:
【類型1:土豪型,不差錢】
直接支付現金購買被投資方股權(Cash consideration以現金作為合并對價)
這種土豪支付方式會計處理也最簡單。
舉個栗子:
P公司于2016年1月1日支付USD100 m購買S公司90%的股權,對S公司形成了控制。此時,作為購買方的P的賬務處理如下
Dr.Investment—Company S 100 m
Cr.Bank 100 m
很簡單,Consideration transferred就是100m
【類型2:差點錢】
以發行權益性證券為合并對價
這種方式也成為shareexchange(換股合并),類似于我們常說的“定向增發”
舉例說明:
On1 October 20X5 P purchased 75%of the equity shares in S.Theacquisition was through a share exchange of two shares in P for everythree shares in S.The stock market price of P’s shares at 1October 20X5 was$4 per share.The number of ordinary shares of S atdate of acquisition is 160,000.
本例中:
P公司通過發行股份獲取了S公司75%的股權。那么為了這75%S的股權,P究竟付出了多少代價呢?
根據題目信息,P所付出的代價是以購買日P公司的股價乘以其向S公司發行的股票的數量所確定的價值。那么P到底發行了多少數量的股票呢?
首先P獲得了S75%的股份75%×160,000=120,000股,然后按照2換3的比例發行股票(也就是說每獲取S公司3股P公司就要發行2股),這樣可以求得P公司要發行股票的數量為:120,000/3×2=80,000股。最后再乘以P公司在購買日的股價即可得出P公司所付出的對價=80,000×$4=$320,000。
用會計分錄來表示
FV of consideration via share exchange
160,000X75%X2/3X$4=320,000
【類型3:磨嘰型的】
Deferred consideration遞延對價
簡單說來就是,現在投資方囊中羞澀,只能先支付一部分對價,剩下的部分則需緩一緩再支付。只要雙方你情我愿,這本身沒什么問題,但是考生需要注意,這延期支付的部分需要考慮資金的時間價值,也就是說需要考慮折現discounting的因素(除非題目明確表示忽略折現),一般題目中會給出相應的折現率(F7的考試中,考生不會被要求自己計算折現率)。
還是來個栗子:
CompanyP acquired 75%of the Company S’s 80m$1 shares on 1 January20X6.It paid$3.50 per share and agreed to pay a further$108m on 1January 20X7.Company P's cost of capital is 8%.
在購買日丨P公司確定的合并對價分為兩部分:
一部分是現在按照3.50每股乘以其獲得的S股份數量確定的現金對價=80m*75%*$3.50=210m。另一部分則是在一年后支付108m,該部分按照8%的折現率折現=108/(1+8%)=100m。所以在合并日,P公司支付的對價合計為310m。
當然,在合并財務報表的大題中,題目要求準備的合并財務報表往往是年末的報表。那么,剛才在合并日的折現需要在期末考慮計提利息。在本例中,由于遞延期只有一年,故期末需要計提的利息為100m*8%=$8m。
【類型4:帶點忽悠性質的】
Contingent consideration或有對價
從字面上不難看出這個所謂“或有”就是或者有,或者沒有。是不是有點像“畫大餅”的感覺呢?簡而言之就是支付一部分對價,還有一部分到底支付還是不支付則要看被投資方未來的表現,表現好了達到預先設定的目標了就支付,反之則不支付。
我們來看個栗子,看著長,其實很簡單哦~
On1 April 20X0 Pi cant acquired 75%of Sander’s equity shares in ashare exchange of three shares in Picant for every two shares inSander.The market prices of Picant’s and Sander’s sharesat the date of acquisition were$3.20 and$4.50 respectively.
Inaddition to this Picant agreed to pay a further amount on 1 April20X1 that was contingent upon the post-acquisition performance of¥Sander.At the date of acquisition Picant assessed the fair value of thiscontingent consideration at$4·2 million,but by 31 March 20X1it was clear that the actual amount to be paid would be only$2·7million(ignore discounting).Picant has recorded the share exchangeand provided for the initial estimate of$4·2 million for thecontingent consideration.The number of ordinary shares of Sander is8,000,000 at date of acquisition.
EXAMPLE:
本例中
合并對價有兩部分,一部分是我們之前說過的換股合并,這里不再贅述。另一部分則是或有對價。相關的國際會計準則要求購買方(Picant)應當將合并協議約定的或有對價作為企業合并轉移對價的一部分,按照其在購買日的公允價值計入企業合并成本。
換股合并對價部分=8,000,000x75%x3/2x$3.2=$28,800,000。
對于或有對價部分,我們需要按照其在購買日的公允價值計入企業合并成本。那么公允價值到底是$4.2m還是$2.7m呢?答案是$4.2m,因為該價值才是在購買日評估的公允價值,至于這個價值后續是否發生變動并不影響或有對價在購買日這天的公允價值,因為這個4.2m是基于購買日這天所能獲得的信息做出的最佳估計。
所以在合并日,P公司支付的對價合計為28.8m+4.2m=$33m
最后要說:
以上四類合并對價的確定是考生們100%需要掌握的內容,該部分并不難,也是考官有心送分給你的部分,當然送的分數考生們得接住了。
CQF的高級選修課有:算法交易、高級計算方法、高級風險管理、高級波動率模型、基于Python的機器學習、高級投資組合管理、交易對手風險模型、量化中的行為經濟學、基于R語言的量化金融分析、風險預算、金融科技、C++編程。
CQF整個項目的主要包含核心課程和高級選修課程,核心課程是Model 1-Model 6,在Model 6模塊學習完后,還有上述的12門高級選修課,每位學員可以選擇2門自己感興趣的課程內容進行學習,高級選修課的內容和CQF的Final Project考試課題是相關的,因為Final Project的多個考試課題中,大部分是來自高級選修的課題,如果你想在Final Project考試中做一個你擅長的課題,那么在高級選修課中就選擇相關課題進行學習,就一舉兩得了。
CQF的高級選修課的課程介紹如下:
1、算法交易(Algorithmic Trading)
The use of algorithms has become an important element of modern-day financial markets,used by both the buy side and sell side.This elective will look into the techniques used by quantitative professionals who work within the area.
算法的使用已經成為現代金融市場的一個重要元素,買方和賣方都在使用。這門選修課將研究在該領域工作的定量專家使用的技術。
What is Algorithmic Trading
Preparing data;Back testing,analysing results and optimisation
Build your own algorithm
Alternative approaches:Paris trading Options;New Analytics
A career in Algorithmic trading
2、高級計算方法(Advanced Computational Methods)
One key skill for anyone who works within quantitative finance is how to use technology to solve complex mathematical problems.This elective will look into advanced computational techniques for solving and implementing math in an efficient and succinct manner,ensuring that the right techniques are used for the right problems.
對于任何從事量化金融工作的人來說,一個關鍵技能是如何使用技術解決復雜的數學問題。這門選修課將研究先進的計算技術,以高效和簡潔的方式解決和實施數學,確保正確的技術用于正確的問題。
Finite Difference Methods(algebraic approach)and application to BVP
Root finding
Interpolation
Numerical Integration
3、高級風險管理(Advanced Risk Management)
In this elective,we will explore some of the recent developments in Quantitative Risk Management.We take as a point of departure the paradigms on how market risk is conceived and measured,both in the banking industry(Expected Shortfall)and under the new Basel regulatory frameworks(Fundamentals Review of the Trading Book,New Minimum,Capital of Market Risk).
在這門選修課中,我們將探討量化風險管理的一些最新發展。我們以如何在銀行業(預期虧空)和新的巴塞爾監管框架(交易賬簿基本回顧,新的最小值,市場風險資本)下構思和衡量市場風險的范例為出發點。
Review of new developments on market risk management and measurement
Explore the use of extreme value of theory(EVT)
Explore adjoint automatic differentiation
4、高級波動率模型(Advanced Volatility Modeling)
Volatility and being able to model volatility is a key element to any quant model.This elective will look into the common techniques used to model volatility throughout the industry.It will provide the mathematics and numerical methods for solving problems in stochastic volatility.
波動率和能夠對波動率進行建模是任何量化模型的關鍵要素。本選修課將研究用于模擬整個行業的波動率的常用技術。它將提供解決隨機波動率問題的數學和數值方法。
Fourier Transforms
Functions of a Complex Variable
Stochastic Volatility
Jump Diffusion
5、基于Python的機器學習(Machine Learning with Python)
This elective will focus on Machine Learning and deep learning with Python applied to Finance.We will focus on techniques to retrieve financial data from open data sources.
這門選修課將側重于使用Python在機器學習和深度學習在金融中的應用。我們將重點介紹從開源數據中檢索財務數據的技術。
Using linear OLS regression to predict financial prices&returns
Using scikit-learn for machine learning with Python
Application to the pricing of the American options by Monte Carlo simulation
Applying logistic regression to classification problems
Predicting stock market returns as a classification problem
Using TensorFlow for deep learning with Python
Using deep learning for predicting stock market returns
6、高級投資組合管理(Advanced Portfolio Management)
As quantitative finance becomes more important in today’s financial markets,many buyside firms are using quantitative techniques to improve their returns and better manage client capital.This elective will look into the latest techniques used by the buy side in order to achieve these goals.
隨著量化金融在當今的金融市場中變得越來越重要,許多買方公司正在使用量化技術來提高回報并更好地管理客戶資本。該選修課將研究買方為實現這些目標而使用的最新技術。
Perform a dynamic portfolio optimization,using stochastic control
Combine views with market data using filtering to determine the necessary parameters
Understand the importance of behavioural biases and be able to address them
Understand the implementation issues
Develop new insights into portfolio risk management
7、交易對手風險模型(Counterparty Credit Risk Modeling)
Post-global financial crisis,counterparty credit risk and other related risks have become much more pronounced and need to be taken into account during the pricing and modeling stages.This elective will go through all the risks associated with the counterparty and how they are included in any modeling frameworks.
后全球金融危機、交易對手信用風險和其他相關風險變得更加明顯,需要在定價和建模階段加以考慮。該選修課將介紹與交易對手相關的所有風險,以及它們如何包含在任何建模框架中。
Credit Risk to Credit Derivatives
Counterparty Credit Risk:CVA,DVA,FVA
Interest Rates for Counterparty Risk–dynamic models and modeling
Interest Rate Swap CVA and implementation of dynamic model
8、量化中的行為經濟學(Behavioural Finance for Quants)
Behavioural finance and how human psychology affects our perception of the world,impacts our quantitative models and drives our financial decisions.This elective will equip delegates with tools to identify the key psychological pitfalls,use their mathematical skills to address these pitfalls and build better financial models.
行為金融學以及人類心理學如何影響我們對世界的感知,影響我們的定量模型并推動我們的財務決策。該選修課將為學員提供工具,以識別關鍵的心理陷阱,利用他們的數學技能來解決這些陷阱并建立更好的財務模型。
S ystem 1 Vs System 2
Behavioural Biases;Heuristic processes;Framing effects and Group processes
Loss aversion Vs Risk aversion;Loss aversion;SP/A theory
Linearity and Nonlinearity
Game theory
9、基于R語言的量化金融分析(R for Quant Finance)
R is a powerful statistical programming language,with numerous tricks up its sleeves making it an ideal environment to code quant finance and data analytics applications.
R是一種強大的統計編程語言,擁有眾多技巧,使其成為編寫量化金融和數據分析應用程序的理想環境。
Intro to R and R Studio
Navigate and understand packages
Understand data structures and data types
Plot charts,read and write data files
Write your own scripts and code
10、風險預算(Risk Budgeting)
Rather than solving the risk-return optimization problem as in the classic(Markowitz)approach,risk budgeting focuses on risk and its limits(budgets).This elective will focus on the quant aspects of risk budgeting and how it can be applied to portfolio management.
風險預算不是像經典(Markowitz)方法那樣解決風險回報優化問題,而是專注于風險及其極限(預算)。本選修課將側重于風險預算的量化方面以及如何將其應用于投資組合管理。
Portfolio Construction and Measurement
Value at Risk in Portfolio Management
Risk Budgeting in Theory
Risk Budgeting in Practice
11、金融科技(Fintech)
Financial technology,also known as fintech,is an economic industry composed of companies that use technology to make financial services more efficient.This elective gives an insight into the financial technology revolution and the disruption,innovation and opportunity therein.
金融技術,也稱為金融科技,是一個利用技術使金融服務更有效率的公司組成的經濟產業。這門選修課讓你深入了解金融科技革命帶來的變革,創新和機遇。
Intro to and History of Fintech
Fintech–Breaking the Financial Services Value Chain
FinTech Hubs
Technology–Blockchain;Cryptocurrencies;Big Data 102;AI 102
Fintech Solutions
The Future of Fintech
12、C++編程(C++)
Starting with the basics of simple input via keyboard and output to screen,this elective will work through a number of topics,finishing with simple OOP.
從簡單的鍵盤輸入和屏幕輸出開始學習C++的基礎知識,該選修課將會涉及許多主題,最后將會以C++面向對象編程的簡單示例結束。
Getting Started with the C++Environment–First Program;Data Types;Simple Debugging
Control Flow and Formatting–Decision Making;File Management;Formatting Output
Functions–Writing User Defined Functions;Headers and Source Files
Intro to OOP–Simple Classes and Objects
Arrays and Strings
In the world only has two facts inevitably,one is the death,two is the tax revenue.
China is one of the biggest markets in the world and is attracting more and more global investors to move into the China market.In order to run the business in a most cost efficient way,it is necessary for the foreign investors to understand all the potential relevant tax costs that would be incurred in China before making an investment decision.In addition,different type of investment activities will trigger different types of taxes.
You can learn about China's tax policies and regulations.
You can understand the impact of tax laws on foreign investment in China
You can master the enterprise in the VAT reform in expanding around the pilot to adjust in accounting
You can grasp the meaning and usage of key taxes,such as Corporate income tax.
You can familiar with trial reform of the tax planning under the new basic concepts and skills.
You can understand the pilot reform possible strategy for enterprise influence.
Foreigners
Foreign Investment Enterprises("FIEs")
Foreign Enterprises("FEs")doing business in China
Module 1 China's Taxation System
Framework of tax system in China
Classification of taxes and Type of Tax
Module 2 Analysis of Specific Taxes
Tax on income
?Corporate income tax("CIT")
-standard tax rate is 25%
-the tax rate could be reduced to 15%for qualified enterprises which are engaged in industries encouraged by the China government.
?Individual income tax("IIT")
-progressive rates range from 5%to 45%.
Tax on transactions
?Value-added tax
-The meaning and the scope
-The standard tax rate is 17%with certain necessities taxed at 13%.
?Consumption tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
?Business tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
Tax on specific objective
?Land appreciation tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Calculation of added value
Tax on resource
?Resources tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
Tax on property
?Real estate tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
Tax on behavior
?Vehicle and vessel tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
?Motor vehicle acquisition tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
?Stamp tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
Tax levied by the Customs
?Customs duties
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
Tax levied by finance department
?Deed tax
-The meaning and the scope
-Tax rate
想了解最新詳細課程資料,點擊網頁的在線咨詢圖標,與在線老師交流。
What do you want to achieve or avoid?The answers to this question are objectives.How will you go about achieving your desire results?The answer to this you can call strategy.
Managing changing market conditions is never easy,but turmoil also presents unique opportunities to acquire previously unobtainable targets.However,acquirers must understand today’s credit limitations,new competition and investment legislation,increasing shareholder activism,and merger and acquisition(M&A)litigation issues.
The downturn may present many acquisition opportunities,but which fit best with your long-term business strategy?Leading strategic planners will describe how to develop an effective investment strategy,identify potential targets,and efficiently evaluate opportunities.Through this training you will explore how to identify and assess strategic targets,evaluate investment opportunities,navigate today’s deal hurdles,and successfully integrate an acquired business to deliver real results and real value.
Ensuring the realization of the M&A purpose
Deeply analysis on the hottest topics of M&A
Understanding the obstacles of Chinese corporations to do the strategic merge&acquisition
Learning the laws and regulations involving in the merge&acquisition activities
Controlling the risks when formulating a merge&acquisition strategy
Developing M&A deal negotiation skills
Gaining knowledge of target sourcing and driving success in the down market
Advancing in evaluation models and methods
Improving assessment of risk
Obtaining strategies of finance in M&A
CEO,VP,Director,GM,Head and Manager of
Strategic Planning、Finance
Corporate/Business Development
M&A/Legal
Corporate development strategy vs. M&A strategy
- Stable development strategy
- Defense strategy
- M&A categories
- Transaction valuation
- M&A Financing methods
- Case studies
Ensuring the new business conforms to company's objectives
- Differentiating Transaction Success & Deal Success
- Understanding the main factors for value creation
- Reorganizing, reconstructing and adjusting the business system
- Recommendation for PMI (Post Merger Integration) strategy
Strategic M&A and corporate core competitiveness
- What is the corporate core competitiveness
- Foster and enhance the core competitiveness of the strategic thinking
- Why should we enhance the core competitiveness
- Lacking of the core competitiveness
- Cultivating the core competitiveness through corporate M&A
- Two methods of obtaining the core competitiveness
- Core competitiveness has been the sourcing power of merge activities
Analyzing the key considerations before entering into cross border M&A
- Defining key factors that play a significant role in M&A flows
- Managing multi- jurisdiction due diligence
- Knowledge of geographic and industrial sectors have proven most attractive and the places future opportunities lie
- Understanding cultural considerations in cross border deals
Decision making process of strategic M&A
- Characteristics of strategic M&A
- M&A decision making process
- Opportunity analysis stage
- Preliminary analysis stage
- Detailed analysis stage
- Evaluation and decision making stage
- Target selecting
Understanding the differences between business valuation on local and international M&A transactions and negotiating the best deal
- What are the differences of business valuation when merging or acquiring local companies and international companies?
- Similar area, finance, legal, IP, HR, etc, but with different areas of concerns
- Difference in accounting, legal/IP, labor issues
- Key considerations in evaluating a target company
- Acquirer's business strategy vs. target business
- Products & marketing
- Identify synergy & improvement
- Management team
- Middle management
- Corporate Culture
- Optimizing a valuation----How to reach common understanding of the business valuation and transaction price on both sides of the fence?
- Communication
- Cultural factors
- Trust
- Control misunderstanding and misleading information
- Case studies-Lessons learned
Examining the synergies after strategic M&A-Case study from listed companies
- Management synergy
- Operating synergy
- Diversification synergy
- Financial and tax synergy
- Intangible assets synergy
Case Study-Advancing the negotiation and closing the deal
- Negotiating tactics: How to position your company from the opening offer to final agreement
- Using due diligence to enhance your advantages
- Understanding the strengths and the weaknesses in the other side's position
- Identifying the key value drivers
Management Buyout
- The development of MBO
- The purpose of MBO
- The financing method of MBO
- The pricing strategy of MBO
- Case study
想了解最新詳細課程大綱及資料,點擊網頁左側的在線咨詢圖標,與在線老師交流咨詢領取。
CFO EVA,LIFO,FIFO,do these professional terms of accounting and finance still seem like a foreign language to you?Can you eliminate the mystery behind the numbers of the financial statements?Or,how would you utilize those financial concepts to become a greater asset to your company?
As a business executive,you experience the tide of global change in ways few others do.And you know that to manage this tide,which will only intensify in the years ahead,you need a foundation that is at once timeless and flexible.Higher position means greater responsibility where understanding and talking the language of finance becomes a significant part of the job,executives at all levels need to be adequately equipped.
Finance and Accounting for the Non-Financial Manager teaches the basics of financial reports,as well as the fundamentals of business valuation and the creation of shareholder value.The course begins by describing the accounting process and the creation of financial statement,meanwhile,reveals the company’s operation and finance truth behind the data.Once knowing how to read financial statements will be invaluable throughout your career,in analyzing business opportunities,assessing financial risks,communicating your ideas to others,and dealing with the real business situations.
Breakthrough the language of finance
Understanding the basic accounting model and its limitations
Analyzing and interpreting financial statements within the context of industry analysis and macroeconomic fundamentals
Mastering forecasting techniques
Providing rigorous tools and approaches to measure the effectiveness of your expenditures
Clarifying financial statements and their relationship to strategic decisions
Communicating more effectively with financial managers and accountants
Understanding different valuation techniques and respective benchmarks
General Managers,Directors,Experienced Managers
Vice President and Top Executives in all respective
Business Managers,Department Heads&Managers
Sales&Marketing Managers
Accountants,Corporate Treasury Managers
Investment Professionals
Any staff with a non-financial background looking to learn the fundamentals of finance
Finance Fundamental | Management Application |
-Introduction to the Course -The role of the finance function -Working with the finance teams -How companies succeed on finance? -Accounting Information—The Language of Business -What is financial accounting? -Why Financial Accounting is necessary? -Some process,terminology and concepts -Learn how financial data is generated and reported -Users and interpretation of Financial Statements -Managers and Financial Statements -The concept of shareholder value -Demystifying Financial Statements -Components of Financial Reports:balance sheet and P&L -Use financial data to evaluate the performance of department,organization,or division -Understand how accountants measure income,and show how it is related to a balance sheet -Cost of goods sold -The accrual concept and timing adjustments -Financial statements:graphical balance sheet simulation -Revisit the Income Statement and Balance sheet in a financial perspective -Cash Flow Statement,Distinguishing income from cash flow -The shortcomings of accounting -Implications of Revenue Recognition -Know effects of fair value measurement on financial statement -Analysis of Financial Statement—Where do you find useful information? -Qualitative Characteristics of financial Information -Locate and use sources of information about business performance -How accounting information assists in decision making -Linking decisions to financial metrics -How to increase ROCE -Profitability ratios -Economic Value Added(EVA TM) -Financial Decision Making -Profitability,liquidity ratios -Managing working capital -Financial Leverage -Debt ratios -Measuring business risk -Cash management -Study of the Annual Report of a Listed Company -Case:analyzing and interpreting a listed company’s annual report -Accounting Creates Value -Functions of management accounting -Management accounting compared to financial accounting -How the use of cost information defines its focus and form -Break-even analysis:ensuring fixed costs are covered -The costing principles and avoiding costing traps -The difference between traditional cost management systems and activity-based cost management systems
| -Budgeting and Forecasting:A Must in Pricing Effectively for Profit.Selecting the Best Costing Method and the Relevant Practical Pricing Theory -Budgeting and Forecasting:Two sides of the same process -Understanding the different steps involved in the process -How to minimize the risks in assessing the hypothesis underlying the performance -The cost information for pricing and product planning -Cost based pricing:a value-added approach -Customers:an outside in pricing -Competitors:predict their price -How to price effectively for profit,evaluating pricing methods -Case Study -Capital Investment Decision:Cash is King! -Cash flow forecasts as a planning tool -EBITDA,free cash flows -The analysis of return of capital employed,payback period,and discounted cash flow -Establishing cash flow forecasts -Calculating Net Present Values,IRR -Company Valuation:Risk and Corporate Characteristics -The fundamental tools of investment appraisal -The cost of capital and WACC,and how these are determined -The sensitivity analysis:how sensitive are key decision to potential changes in circumstances -Approaches to valuation -Capital Markets,Investment Banking and Financial Instruments:How to Face Your Long-term Financing Issues and More? -An introduction to capital markets -Different forms of financing(long term,short term) -Debt versus Equity -Gearing and beta factors -Capital Asset Pricing Models -Tax shields -Investing in China through Mergers or Acquisitions:Financial Business Practices and Managing the Related Risks -An Overview of the M&A market in China -Understanding the valuation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the structuring gap by the buyer -Understanding the negotiation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the execution gap -Understanding the challenges of the integration gap -Taking into account the Human dimension of any merger or acquisition |
想了解最新詳細課程大綱及資料,點擊網頁左側的在線咨詢圖標,與在線老師交流咨詢領取。
What management and leadership skills do the most successful Senior Executives possess?What are the qualities and characteristics of the ideal finance leader?Recently,CFO Research Services,in collaboration with Tatum,surveyed 250 senior finance executives at North American companies on the non-technical business management and leadership skills that finance executives not only under pressure to manage financial compliance,processes,and controls in an environment of intense regulatory scrutiny,but also need to meet the demands of an expanded business mandate.
Indisputably,broad management training will help senior executives manage and support the business,however they also seek training on industry and competitive dynamics,business management,and the skills often labeled as‘soft skills’-collaboration,negotiation,and communication.
This training will offer practical guidance to Senior Executives on how to consolidate and promote their financial leadership by adopting the advanced leadership outcome model and the applicable financial signatures,as well as explore on how performance management and decision making are being embraced throughout companies and in diverse business categories.Through presentations from leading thought leader and cutting-edge case studies,this training will highlight the extensive reach of the achievement of enterprise’s valuation goals.
A Revolutionary new approach to Executive assessment with a full suite of evaluation instruments
Increasing the valuation of the enterprise by choosing the right alignment process to best achieve the enterprise’s valuation goals
Enabling your top executives to understand the potential of their own financial profile to improve the enterprise’profitability and valuation and align their operational mission to the enterprise valuation goals.
Understanding how to identify,select,and retain executives with a winning financial signature
Strengthening enterprise Human Resource processes by implementing the correct HR processes for achieving the targeted level of profitability
Turning analytics into action for gaining the ability to change course in volatile circumstances as well as a true competitive advantage
Taking a methodical approach to improving decision making to boost revenue,shareholder return,and return on invested capital
C-level including CEO,CFO,COO,CMO,Chief Human Resources Officer,Chief Learning Officer
Line executives and managers including Vice-Presidents,P&L managers,General Managers
Training and development executives,including leadership development managers
Human resource executives including HR heads,recruitment,succession planning executives
Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 |
-The Leadership Outcome Model -Identifying and Measuring Financial Style and Personality -The components of Financial Style and Personality -Work group 1:Buying Mission Exercise -Financial Signatures and Missions -The Nine Financial Signatures -How Financial Signature is impacted by Corporate Strategy -Work group 2:Team Financial Style Simulation -Are there Good and Bad Financial Signatures? -Financial Signature and Executive Performance -Strategy and Innovation -Operations -Sales -Quality -Customer Service -Valuation and Financial Mission -Defining the Financial Mission of an Executive -Why Financial Signature and Mission Differ -The Components of Financial Mission -Alignment of Financial Mission with Team,Business Unit and Company Financial Missions -Work group 3:Company Financial Style and Valuation Simulation | -Maximizing Your Financial Performance -Turing Analytics into Action -Four Dimensions of Decision Making and Execution -Five Step Process for improving decision effectiveness -Financial Mission and Business Strategy -Work group 4:Valuation Impact of the CEO Exercise -Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Impacts of Financial Signature -Company Evolution -Capital Intensity -Market Evolution -Competitive Dynamics -Market Capitalization and Valuation -Work group 5:Competitive Simulation -Improving Leadership Outcome -Leadership Outcome Type and Financial Mission -Financial Mission and Career Success -Financial Mission and Leadership Agility -Changing Financial Mission -Work group 6:Leadership Outcome Simulation -Case Study–Financial Mission and Outcome -Work group 7:Coaching Simulation -Conclusions in Financial Leadership |
想了解最新詳細課程大綱及資料,點擊網頁左側的在線咨詢圖標,與在線老師交流咨詢領取。
China’s rise as the most important global M&A market and the almost dramatic increase of Chinese outbound M&A activities signals a sea change of opportunities and pitfalls.As witnessed by the landmark deal between Lenovo and computer giant IBM in 2005,M&A transactions are expected to gather pace as China prepares itself to become an economic superpower.While the central government has somewhat revamped opaque regulations,Mergers&Acquisitions in China:Law and Practice lends much needed clarity by providing a structured introduction to the legal aspects of China’s M&A regime.
The downturn may present many acquisition opportunities,but which fit best with your long-term business strategy?Leading strategic planners will describe how to develop an effective investment strategy,identify potential targets,and efficiently evaluate opportunities.Through this training you will explore how to identify and assess strategic targets,evaluate investment opportunities,navigate today’s deal hurdles,and successfully integrate an acquired business to deliver real results and real value.
Ensuring the realization of the M&A purpose
Deeply analysis on the hottest topics of M&A
Understanding the obstacles of Chinese corporations to do the strategic merge&acquisition
Learning the laws and regulations involving in the merge&acquisition activities
Controlling the risks when formulating a merge&acquisition strategy
Developing M&A deal negotiation skills
Gaining knowledge of target sourcing and driving success in the down market
Advancing in evaluation models and methods
Improving assessment of risk
Obtaining strategies of finance in M&A
CEO,VP,Director,GM,Head and Manager of
Strategic Planning、Finance
Corporate/Business Development
M&A/Legal
Corporate development strategy vs.M&A strategy
Stable development strategy
Defense strategy
M&A categories
Transaction valuation
M&A Financing methods
Case studies
Ensuring the new business conforms to company's objectives
Differentiating Transaction Success&Deal Success
Understanding the main factors for value creation
Reorganizing,reconstructing and adjusting the business system
Recommendation for PMI(Post Merger Integration)strategy
Strategic M&A and corporate core competitiveness
What is the corporate core competitiveness
Foster and enhance the core competitiveness of the strategic thinking
Why should we enhance the core competitiveness
Lacking of the core competitiveness
Cultivating the core competitiveness through corporate M&A
Two methods of obtaining the core competitiveness
Core competitiveness has been the sourcing power of merge activities
Analyzing the key considerations before entering into cross border M&A
Defining key factors that play a significant role in M&A flows
Managing multi-jurisdiction due diligence
Knowledge of geographic and industrial sectors have proven most attractive and the places future opportunities lie
Understanding cultural considerations in cross border deals
Decision making process of strategic M&A
Characteristics of strategic M&A
M&A decision making process
Opportunity analysis stage
Preliminary analysis stage
Detailed analysis stage
Evaluation and decision making stage
Target selecting
Understanding the differences between business valuation on local and international M&A transactions and negotiating the best deal
What are the differences of business valuation when merging or acquiring local companies and international companies?
Similar area,finance,legal,IP,HR,etc,but with different areas of concerns
Difference in accounting,legal/IP,labor issues
Key considerations in evaluating a target company
Acquirer's business strategy vs.target business
Products&marketing
Identify synergy&improvement
Management team
Middle management
Corporate Culture
Optimizing a valuation----How to reach common understanding of the business valuation and transaction price on both sides of the fence?
Communication
Cultural factors
Trust
Control misunderstanding and misleading information
Case studies-Lessons learned
Examining the synergies after strategic M&A-Case study from listed companies
Management synergy
Operating synergy
Diversification synergy
Financial and tax synergy
Intangible assets synergy
Case Study-Advancing the negotiation and closing the deal
Negotiating tactics:How to position your company from the opening offer to final agreement
Using due diligence to enhance your advantages
Understanding the strengths and the weaknesses in the other side's position
Identifying the key value drivers
Management Buyout
The development of MBO
The purpose of MBO
The financing method of MBO
The pricing strategy of MBO
Case study
想了解最新詳細課程大綱及資料,點擊網頁左側的在線咨詢圖標,與在線老師交流咨詢領取。
esg指環境(Environmental)、社會(Social)和公司治理(Governance),是一種關注企業環境、社會、治理而非傳統財務績效的投資理念和評價標準。esg的s代表社會,強調企業要履行社會責任,主要考慮企業對社會造成的各種影響。例如:員工管理、福利與薪酬、員工安全、與上下游供應商及服務商的關系、產品安全性等。
而esg的e代表環境,強調企業要注重生態環境保護,主要考慮企業在經營和生產過程中對生態環境造成的影響;另外,g代表治理,強調企業要提高治理水平,主要考慮企業制度層面的建立。
ESG評級對于投資機構來說,提高了第三方對企業市場信用評估的準確性,成為各大投資機構決策的重要依據。更好的ESG表現和更高的ESG評級直接影響了投資者的關注程度和長期經濟回報。
將ESG評級體系納入信貸業務體系中,可以彌補傳統風控模型的局限性,提高金融機構的風險辨別和預警能力,加強內部風險管理體系,并促進金融機構與企業客戶提升ESG管理水平,實現信貸業務與客戶自身長遠可持續發展。
ESG是提升企業治理水平的有效手段。通過加強對治理因素的管理和披露,企業和投資者可以提高決策的透明度和效率,增強內部監督和問責,平衡各方利益和訴求,規避各類風險和糾紛,為建立良好的商業道德和法治環境做出貢獻。
ESG是促進社會進步和實現可持續發展的有效手段,對于整個社會和宏觀經濟而言具有重要意義。通過遵循ESG原則,可以實現經濟效益、社會效益和環境效益的統一,為實現聯合國2030年可持續發展議程做出貢獻。
esg作為企業未來發展的核心趨勢之一,現在各大協會和組織都有發布一些esg相關的證書和考試,其中大家熟悉度較高的幾個是:CFA協會的ESG Investing證書、GARP協會的SCR證書、EFFAS協會的CESGA證書、SASB協會的FSA證書。
其中兼具完整知識體系和國際認可度的,要數CFA協會的ESG Investing證書;GARP協會的SCR證書則更側重氣候風險相關的內容;EFFAS協會的CESGA證書雖然知識體系也較完善,但EFFAS協會的國際化程度遠不如CFA協會,僅在歐洲相對知名度高些;SASB協會的FSA證書主要服務于企業esg的信息披露,學習的更多是一些基于可持續發展會計準則的披露標準。
目前ESG相關的證書種類很多,大致可分為兩大類:一類是內容體系較為完善的,例如CFA協會的ESG證書、EFFAS的CESGA證書;另一類是ESG相關的具有側重性的證書,例如SASB協會的FSA證書,更側重財務領域,GARP協會的SCR證書,更側重風控領域;
在選擇證書的時候,重點考慮兩個方面,一是看證書所學習的知識體系,除有明確的專業領域方面需求,一般選擇覆蓋面更廣的證書進行學習;二是看證書認證機構的社會知名度,像CFA協會的國際認可度會更高,EFFAS則更專注于歐洲市場。
2024年CFA二級考試安排如下圖所示:
CFA二級報名要求
報名參加CFA二級考試,需要通過CFA一級考試。
以本科在校生身份參加CFA一級考試的考生,最早可選擇處于學士學位課程或同等項目畢業月份前11個月及以內的考試窗口。例如,2025年6月畢業的四年制本科在校生,若已經通過CFA一級考試,最早可報名大三暑假(2024年8月)的CFA二級考試。
證件要求:和一級考試一樣,報名和參加CFA考試須持有效的國際旅行護照。對于計劃在中國內地參加CFA考試的考生,除護照之外,也可以使用中華人民共和國居民身份證進行考試報名。
CFA二級報名費
早鳥階段報名費:$940
標準階段報名費:$1250
其它費用:
首次報名注冊費:$350(僅需支付一次)
紙質版教材:$150(可自選)
電子版教材費:$49(可自選)
補充題庫:$299(可自選)
CFA二級考綱變動詳情
1.考綱細則無變動的科目
固收:原來的5個Reading現調整為5個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動。
道德:原來的3個Reading現調整為3個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動。
衍生:原來的2個Reading現調整為2個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動,僅順序有一定微調。
經濟:原來的3個Reading現調整為3個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動。僅將原Reading 7 Economic growth and the investment decision的標題變成Learning Module 2 Economic growth,考綱細節內容無變動。
另類:原來的3個Reading現調整為5個Learning Module。考綱細則無變動。但新考綱Module 3 LOS a-b,將原考綱k,l中對REITS的描述改為publicly traded real estate securities。
2.考綱細則刪除的科目
組合:原來的7個Reading現調整為7個Learning Module。
原Reading 42 Economics and investment markets對應的是Learning Module 5。
?其中刪除了一條考綱k describe how economic analysis is used in sector rotation strategies。
權益:原來的8個Reading現調整為4個Learning Module。
?刪除Reading 21 Return concepts收益概念和Reading 22 Industry and company analysis公司和行業分析,其余部分考綱細則不變,僅考綱順序進行了微調。
3.考綱細則新增的科目
財報:原來的6個Reading現調整為7個Learning Module。
新增考綱:Financial Statement Modeling財務報表建模
全章節新增,部分內容與2022年權益Reading 22 Industry and company analysis行業和公司分析接近。
新增考綱細則如下:
(1)compare top-down,bottom-up,and hybrid approaches for developing inputs to equity valuation models
(2)compare“growth relative to GDP growth”and“market growth and market share”approaches to forecasting revenue
(3)evaluate whether economies of scale are present in an industry by analyzing operating margins and sales levels
(4)demonstrate methods to forecast cost of goods sold and operating expenses
(5)demonstrate methods to forecast non-operating items,financing costs,and income taxes
(6)describe approaches to balance sheet modeling
(7)demonstrate the development of a sales-based pro forma company model
(8)explain how behavioral factors affect analyst forecasts and recommend remedial actions for analyst biases
(9)explain how competitive factors affect prices and costs
(10)evaluate the competitive position of a company based on a Porter’s five forces analysis
(11)explain how to forecast industry and company sales and costs when they are subject to price inflation or deflation
(12)evaluate the effects of technological developments on demand,selling prices,costs,and margins
(13)explain considerations in the choice of an explicit forecast horizon
(14)explain an analyst’s choices in developing projections beyond the short-term forecast horizon
數量:原來的5個Reading現調整為7個Learning Module。
?刪除原Reading 1 Introduction to linear regression一元線性回歸內容下放到一級數量中的最后一個模塊。
原Reading 2 Multiple regression多元回歸內容拆分成4個模塊module 1-module 4。
與原Reading 2考綱細節做比對,考綱的順序、表示和知識點都有較大變化,部分考綱進行了拆分,變化結果如下:
?考綱刪除3條:
(1)formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis about the population value of.a regression coefficient,calculate the value of the test statistic,and determine whether to reject the null hypothesis at a given level of significance;
(2)interpret the results of hypothesis tests of regression coefficients;
(3)evaluate and interpret a multiple regression model and its results.
??考綱新增2條:
(1)describe the types of investment problems addressed by multiple linear regression and the regression process
(2)describe influence analysis and methods of detecting influential data points
原Reading 4對應的是module 6。其中新增了一條考綱f describe supervised machine learning,unsupervised machine learning,and deep learning.
公司金融:考綱變動最大的科目。原來的5個Reading現調整為4個Learning Module。
?刪除原Reading 15 Capital Structure資本結構章節和Reading 19 Capital Budgeting資本預算章節,精簡并下放到一級。
??新增:Cost of Capital:Advanced Topics
新增考綱細則如下:
(1)explain top-down and bottom-up factors that impact the cost of capital
(2)Compare methods used to estimate the cost of debt.
(3)explain historical and forward-looking approaches to estimating an equity risk
premium
(4)compare methods used to estimate the required return on equity
(5)estimate the cost of debt or required return on equity for a public company and a private company
(6)evaluate a company’s capital structure and cost of capital relative to peers
原Reading 18 Measures and Acquisitions兼并收購章節調整為Learnings Module 4 Corporate Restructurings企業重組,章節內容完全重寫,新增內容為各種公司重組事件、他們的分析和納入財務模型的預測和估值。
企業重組模塊考綱細則如下:
(1)explain types of corporate restructurings and issuers’motivations for pursuing them
(2)explain the initial evaluation of a corporate restructuring
(3)demonstrate valuation methods for,and interpret valuations of,companies involved in corporate restructurings
(4)demonstrate how corporate restructurings affect an issuer’s EPS,net debt to EBITDA ratio,and weighted average cost of capital
(5)evaluate corporate investment actions,including equity investments,joint ventures,and acquisitions
(6)evaluate corporate divestment actions,including sales and spin offsevaluate cost and balance sheet restructurings