CMA,中文名稱為美國注冊管理會計師,考試科目只有兩門,但其涉及的考點內容基本涵蓋了整個管理會計體系,今天會計網為考生帶來獲利能力的詳細講解。
CMA必考知識點:獲利能力分析
獲利能力是公司在一定時期內使用給定的資源組合產生盈余的能力,可以通過考察收入的組成、銷售成本、營業費用及其他費用進行分析。
1、毛利率損益表上最簡單的盈利能力指標就是毛利,其相對于收入所產生的百分比就是毛利率。
計算公式:
毛利率=(凈銷售額+銷貨成本)/凈銷售額=毛利/凈銷售額
易考點:
導致邊際毛利下降的因素包括:
(1)銷售價格沒有與存貨成本同比例增長。(成本)
(2)銷售價格由于競爭而下降。(售價)
(3)所銷售產品的組合發生變化,并且利潤率較低的產品比率增加。(銷售組合)
(4)存貨被盜,同樣的銷售就會有更高的銷售成本。(其他異常因素)
2、營業利潤率盈利能力的第二個層級就是經營性毛利,即由企業日常經營活動所產生的收益,它與收入的相對關系就是經營性毛利率。
計算公式:營業利潤率=營業利潤/凈銷售額=(毛利-銷管費用)/凈銷售額
其中:營業利潤(息稅前利潤EBIT)=毛利-各種銷管費用;銷管費用中不包括利息及稅收(不是營運的組成部分);利息是利息收入、投資收益以及利息費用相抵的凈額。
易考點:
營業利潤率排除了來自于融資活動的費用,即利息費用,強調日常運營的盈利能力,因此能夠更好地體現公司核心業務的經營效率。若毛利率保持穩定而營業利潤率下降,則表明營業費用或管理費用有所增加;如果與凈銷售額相比費用上升,則需要考察費用上升原因,以診斷經營效率是否下降。
有一個“發酸的測試”,為什么會發酸呢?因為存貨會“酸”。今天會計網將會為大家介紹速動比率又叫酸性測試。
速動比率的相關內容
1、定義:速動比率是速凍資產對流動負債的比率,它是衡量企業流動資產中可立即變現用于償付流動負債的能力。
2、計算公式:
速動比率=(現金+有價證券+應收賬款)/流動負債
將流動性較強的資產與流動負債進行比較,擠掉計算流動性的水分,使得速動比率的計算結果比流動比率更為保守。速動比率過高,會因占用現金及應收賬款過多增加機會成本。局限:沒有考慮應收賬款的變現性,可能存在應收賬款管理不利的問題。
流動比率和速動比率經常一起考,下面會計網將舉例
例如:ABC公司的流動比率和速動比率近期都在慢慢下降。在過去的2年里,流動比率從2.3下降到2.0。同期,速動比率從1.2降至1.0。下列哪項可以用來解釋流動比率和速動比率之間的差異?
A.一年內到期應予以清償的長期負債持續增加
B.現金余額過低
C.應收賬款余額降低
D.存貨余額過高
答案:D
解釋:流動比率和速凍比率唯一的區別就是存貨
ABC司目前的速動比率是0.8。為了增強公司的償債能力,CFO要求加快現金的收回,即收回應收賬款$40,000和加快存貨銷售來收回現金$30,000。目前的流動負債是$300,000。在采取上述措施后,該公司的速動比率應為多少?
A.1.03
B.0.9
C.0.23
D.2
答案B
解析:在采取措施之前,ABC的速動資產=0.8×$300,000=$240,000
在采取措施之后,ABC的速動資產=$240,000+$30,000=$270,000;因為收回應收賬款只能是應收的金額轉變成現金的金額,所以$40,000不會影響到速動資產
采取措施之后的速動比率=$270,000/$300,000=0.9
每個企業經營的目的都是為了盈利,并且一影響盈利的因素有很多,今天會計網為大家講解cma中關于獲利能力的知識點,希望對大家以后的工作有幫助。
影響收益的因素
1.預計值(人為因素大)
壞賬百分比、保修費用百分比、設備使用年限
2.會計方法
(1)存貨計量方法:FIFO vs.LIFO
通脹期間,LIFO的清算→減少存貨采購量→銷量(1,000)>采購量(800)(500)
(2)折舊方法:直線法vs.加速方法
(3)披露激勵
報告的利潤影響高管的收入
(4)使用者的需求(股東→盈利能力;債權人→財務風險)
投資者需要預測企業未來的盈利能力
債權人是要進行風險評估(長期償債能力)和信貸申請(短期償債能力)評審。
收入與應收和存貨的關系
1.收入與應收正相關
從理論上說應收賬款是賒銷引起的,其對應的流量是賒銷額,而非全部銷售收入.因此,計算時應使用賒銷額取代銷售收入.但是,外部分析人無法取得賒銷的數據,只好直接使用銷售收收入計算.實際上相當于假設現金銷售是收現時間等于零的應收賬款.只要現金銷售與賒銷的比例是穩定的,不妨礙與上期數據的可比性,只是一貫高估了周轉次數.問題是與其他企業比較時,不知道可比企業的賒銷比例,也就無從知道應收賬款是否可比。
2.收入與存貨正相關
企業通過銷售庫存商品也就是存貨取得收入,同時結轉庫存商品的主營業務成本。營業收入是企業在生產經營活動中,因銷售產品或提供勞務而取得的各項收入。存貨,是指企業在日常活動中持有的以備出售的產成品或商品、處在生產過程中的在產品、在生產過程或提供勞務過程中耗用的材料和物料等。
CMA非常重視實踐,而不僅僅是財務認證,國內大多數考試更注重理論學習。會計網整理了客戶獲利能力分析的相關知識點。
CMA必背知識點之客戶獲利能力分析
客戶獲利能力分析主要有兩大目標
1、量度客戶的盈利性:包括非財務利益和財務利益。
非財務利益包括客戶獲得、客戶保留、客戶滿意度和總的市場份額。
從戰略上的考慮,某些客戶需求哪怕在財務層面無利可圖,也應盡量予以滿足。重點在于如何將無利可圖的客戶轉化成有利可圖的客戶。
2、識別有效與無效的客戶相關活動和服務。
以確定哪些客戶相關活動應進一步加強,哪些應予取締。
顧客成本層級有哪些?
1、顧客單位產出成本:銷售每一單位給顧客的作業成本,如產品的處理成本。
2、顧客批次成本:與銷售一批產品有關的作業成本,如訂單處理成本、產品交付的成本
3、顧客維持成本:支持單獨顧客的作業成本,如拜訪顧客的成本。
4、分銷渠道成本:與一種特定銷售渠道有關的作業成本,而不是與單位產品或產品批次或特定顧客相關的作業成本,如銷售渠道的管理費用。
5、公司維持成本:不能追溯到某個顧客或某個銷售渠道的作業成本,如管理高層的成本和一般管理成本。
客戶獲利能力分析相關練習
在確定客戶盈利能力時,以下哪項成本與此無關?
A售后客戶支持
B送貨卡車折舊
C包裝費用
D銷售訂單處理
正確答案:B
答案解析:送貨卡車折舊與客戶盈利能力無關,例如,即使放棄某一客戶,送貨卡車的折舊也依然會發生。
CMA測試分為中文測試和英文測試,內容廣泛,注重理論與實踐的結合,計算量大,會計網將產品獲利能力分析知識點結合案例進行總結。
CMA必背知識點之產品獲利能力分析
1、產品獲利能力分析的應用
(1)用于揭示哪些產品的盈利性最強,哪些產品需要重新評估價格和成本,哪些產品需要提供最大力度的營銷投入和支持;
(2)作為經理薪酬和獎金發放的依據。
2、是否取締產品線的決策
(1)加總因取締該產品線而消失的所有可追溯至該產品線的變動成本與固定成本;
(2)加總機會成本,即取締該產品線將喪失掉的所有銷售收入;
(3)若:取締該產品線所帶來的成本削減效益>機會成本,則二者之差即為取締該產品線導致的利潤增加額,此時應取締該產品線。
產品獲利能力定量分析的財務指標各產品的邊際貢獻=銷售收入-變動成本
各產品的剩余貢獻=邊際貢獻-可追溯固定成本-機會成本
這里的機會成本是指取締某產品線后對其他相關產品邊際貢獻的影響(假設共同成本不受影響)。
在產品獲利能力分析中,也需要考慮非財務因素(注意考簡答題)
1、放棄本條產品線將在多大程度上影響公司的士氣?
2、如果放棄本條產品線,相關產品線的銷售額會受到怎樣的影響?
3、如果在營銷上給于支持,產品的盈利性會增大嗎?
4、本條產品線是另一條更具盈利性的產品線的組成部分嗎?
產品獲利能力分析案例分析
公司準備關閉生產部門,部門的營業狀況如下
企業的行政管理成本里面有40%的可控部分。企業是否要關閉該部門?
A、應該關閉,因為可以減少160萬的行政管理成本
B、不應該關閉,因為會使營業利潤減少190萬
C、不應該關閉,因為會使營業利潤減少160萬
D、應該關閉,因為會使營業利潤增加190萬
答案:B
答案解析:固定成本不管是否關閉都會存在,所以只考慮變動成本。可控的邊際貢獻=650-300-400×40%=190萬。所以,假如關閉該部門的話,會使公司總的營業利潤減少190萬。
ACCA考試科目一共有15門,其中F2為《管理會計》,這門科目的主要內容是關于管理會計體系的主要元素和管理會計的作用,其中涉及較多的知識點多且雜,如管理會計,管理信息,成本會計等,考試難點較多,F2《管理會計》重點難點資料,具體如下:
1.Target cost=target selling price–target profit=market price–desired profit margin.
2.cost gap=estimated cost–target cost.
3.TQM:
①preventing costs
②appraisal costs
③internal failure costs
④external failure cost
4.Alternative costing principle:
①ABC(activity based costing)
②Target costing
③Life cycle
④TQM
8.Time series:
①trend
②seasonal variation:⑴加法模型sum to zero;⑵乘法模型sum to 4
③cyclical variation
④random variation
9.pricipal budget factor關鍵預算因子:be limited the activities
10.budget purpose:
①communication
②coordination
③compel the plan
④motivative employees
⑤resource allocation
11.Budget committee的功能:①coordinated②administration
12.Budget:①function budget②master budget:1.P&L;2.B/S;3.Cash Flow
13.Fixed Budget:不是在于固不固定,而是基于一個業務量的考慮,financail expression.
Flexible Budget:包含了固定成本和變動成本,并且變動成本的變化是隨著業務量的變化而改變。
14.Flexible Budget的優點:
①recognize different cost behavior.
②improve quality and a comparison of like with like
③help managers to forecast cost,revenue and profit.
15.Flexible Budget的缺點:
①假設太簡單。
②需要更多的時間準備預算編制。
16.Controllable cost is a“cost which can be influenced by”its budget holder.大部分的變動成本是可控的,non-controllable cost為inflation.
17.Budget Behavior:
①participate approach
②imposed budget
18.payback投資回收期的缺點:
①ignore profitability
②the time value of money is ignored
③沒有考慮項目后期帶來的經濟利益
④arbitray武斷
19.payback投資回收期的優點:
①easy to calculate
②widely use
③minimize the effect of the risk and help liqidity
★如果在算投資回收期的時候,發生折舊,則需要加回折舊,因為折舊是非現金項目。
20.(1+real interst rate)*(1+inflation rate)=(1+nominal interest rate)
21.NPV=present value of future net cash flow–present value of initial cost
22.永續年金=A/i
23.每年的匯報是相同的就查看年金現值系數表,不同的就查看年金系數表。
24.EAR=CAR=APR=(1+r/n)n–1有效年利率
25.IRR:(based on cash flow analysis)
①IRR>cost of capital,NPV>0,worth taking
②IRR<cost of capital,NPV<0,not worthwhile.
26.ARR=average profit/average investment(ARR是基于profit)
Average investment=(initial investment–residual value)/2
27.type of standard:
①basic standard
②current standard
③ideal standard
④attainable standard
28.Variance
ⅠMaterial Variance
⑴total material variance=standard cost–actual cost
⑵material price variance=(standard price–actual price)*actual quantity
⑶material usage variance=(standard usage of actual output-actual usage)*standard price.
ⅡDirect Labor Variance
⑴standard pay–actual pay
⑵Labor rate variances=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs of actual output
⑶Labor efficiency variances=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
ⅢVariable production overhead variances
⑴Total variable O.H.variance=standard cost–actual cost
⑵Variable O.H.expenditure variance=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs
⑶Variable O.H.efficiency variance=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
ⅣFixed O.H.expenditure variance
⑴Fixed O.H.Expenditure variance=budget expenditure–actual expenditure
⑵Fixed O.H.volume=(actual output-budgeted volume)*standard hrs per unit*standard rate per hr.
⑶Capacity variance=(actual hrs worked–budgeted hrs worked)*standard rate per hr
⑷Efficiency variance=(standard hrs worked for actual output–actual hrs worked)*standard rate per hr⑴+⑵:Fixed O.H.total variance=fixed O.H.absorbed–actual expenditure
ⅤSales variance
⑴Sales price variances=(actual price–budget price)*actual sales units
⑵Sales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard profit per unit
(absorption)
⑶Sales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard CPU(marginal costing)
ⅥIdle time variances
Idle time variance=(expected idle time–actual idle time)*adjusted hr rate
29.The elements of a mission statement including:
①Purpose
②Strategy
③Policies and standards of behavior
④Values and culture
30.A critical success factor is a performance requirement that is fundamental to competitive success.
31.Profitability ratios
①Return on capital employed(ROCE)
=profit before interest and tax/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
②Return on equity(ROE)=profit after tax/shareholders’funds×100%
③Asset turnover=sales/capital employed×100%
=sales/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
④Profit margin=profit before interest and tax/sales×100%
Profit margin×asset turnover=ROCE
32.Debt and gearing ratios
①Debt-to-equity ratio=long-term liabilities/total equity×100%
②Interest cover=PBIT/Interest×100%
33.Liquidity ratios
①Current ratio=current assets/current liabilities
②Quick ratio(acid test ratio)=current assets minus inventory/current liabilities
34.Working capital ratios
①Inventory days=average inventory*365/cost of sales
②Receivables days=average trade receivables*365/sales
③Payables days=average trade payables*365/cost of sales(or purchases)
35.Non-financial performance measures
Non-financial performance measures are considered to be leading indicators of financial performance.
①Market share
②Innovation
③Growth
④Productivity
⑤Quality
⑥Social aspects
36.The balanced scorecard:
①financial perspective
②external perspective
③customer perspective
④learning and innovation perspective
37.Benchmarking:
①Internal benchmarking
②Competitive benchmarking
③Functional benchmarking
④Strategic benchmarking
38.Value analysis is a planned,scientific approach to cost reduction,which reviews the material composition of a product and the product's design so that modifications and improvements can be made which do not reduce the value of the product to the customer or user.
39.Four aspects of'value'should be considered:
①Cost value
②Exchange value
③Utility value
④Esteem value
40.ROI=PBIT/capital employed*100%
Widely used and accepted;As a relative measure it enables comparisons to be made with divisions or companies of different sizes.
41.RI=PBIT-Imputed interest*capital employed.
Possible to use different rates of interest for different types of assets;Cost of finance is being considered.
CMA,中文名稱為美國注冊管理會計師,在新時代背景下,我國近年來掀起了一股報考CMA熱潮,今天會計網會講解cma中的常考點獲利能力分析。
CMA常考知識點之凈利潤率
在損益表上最高層級的用來衡量企業盈利能力的指標就是凈利潤。
計算公式:凈利潤率=凈利/凈銷售額
凈利潤=毛利-銷售費用-管理費用-利息-稅收導致凈利潤率與營業利潤率變動不一致的原因是稅率或利息的變動。
凈利潤率經典例題分析
將C公司的財務比率與同行業水平相比時,發現公司具有較高的(比行業)毛利率和較低的凈利率,下列哪個管理行為可能改善目前的狀況?
A、經理聯系新的供應商,以降低直接材料成本。
B、經理通過核查直接人工成本計價法,以降低直接人工成本。
C、經理通過核查銷售費用和管理費,尋找削減費用的方法。
D、經理停止購買生產性資產,試圖減少折舊費用。
答案:C解析:毛利率=(凈收入-銷售成本)/銷售額凈利率=凈利潤/銷售額。凈利潤=毛利潤-銷售費用和管理費用(成本)+非銷售收入-非經營開支-損失-稅收。一個較高的毛利率卻有一個較低的凈利率,表明利潤表中的毛利潤下的項目與同行業整體狀況不一致。影響凈利潤的主要項目是銷售費用和管理費用,相比較銷售費用和管理費用,非銷售收入、收益和損失等非經營費用影響較小。
拓展:息稅折舊及攤銷前收益率第二層級的盈利能力指標有一個變化形式。就是在息稅前收益之前加上折舊和攤銷,或是從凈銷售額中扣減去除了折舊和攤銷費用以外的所有經營性成本就等到了息稅折舊及攤銷前收益。
息稅折舊及攤銷前收益率=(營業利潤+折舊費用+攤銷費用)/凈銷售額
CFO EVA,LIFO,FIFO,do these professional terms of accounting and finance still seem like a foreign language to you?Can you eliminate the mystery behind the numbers of the financial statements?Or,how would you utilize those financial concepts to become a greater asset to your company?
As a business executive,you experience the tide of global change in ways few others do.And you know that to manage this tide,which will only intensify in the years ahead,you need a foundation that is at once timeless and flexible.Higher position means greater responsibility where understanding and talking the language of finance becomes a significant part of the job,executives at all levels need to be adequately equipped.
Finance and Accounting for the Non-Financial Manager teaches the basics of financial reports,as well as the fundamentals of business valuation and the creation of shareholder value.The course begins by describing the accounting process and the creation of financial statement,meanwhile,reveals the company’s operation and finance truth behind the data.Once knowing how to read financial statements will be invaluable throughout your career,in analyzing business opportunities,assessing financial risks,communicating your ideas to others,and dealing with the real business situations.
Breakthrough the language of finance
Understanding the basic accounting model and its limitations
Analyzing and interpreting financial statements within the context of industry analysis and macroeconomic fundamentals
Mastering forecasting techniques
Providing rigorous tools and approaches to measure the effectiveness of your expenditures
Clarifying financial statements and their relationship to strategic decisions
Communicating more effectively with financial managers and accountants
Understanding different valuation techniques and respective benchmarks
General Managers,Directors,Experienced Managers
Vice President and Top Executives in all respective
Business Managers,Department Heads&Managers
Sales&Marketing Managers
Accountants,Corporate Treasury Managers
Investment Professionals
Any staff with a non-financial background looking to learn the fundamentals of finance
Finance Fundamental | Management Application |
-Introduction to the Course -The role of the finance function -Working with the finance teams -How companies succeed on finance? -Accounting Information—The Language of Business -What is financial accounting? -Why Financial Accounting is necessary? -Some process,terminology and concepts -Learn how financial data is generated and reported -Users and interpretation of Financial Statements -Managers and Financial Statements -The concept of shareholder value -Demystifying Financial Statements -Components of Financial Reports:balance sheet and P&L -Use financial data to evaluate the performance of department,organization,or division -Understand how accountants measure income,and show how it is related to a balance sheet -Cost of goods sold -The accrual concept and timing adjustments -Financial statements:graphical balance sheet simulation -Revisit the Income Statement and Balance sheet in a financial perspective -Cash Flow Statement,Distinguishing income from cash flow -The shortcomings of accounting -Implications of Revenue Recognition -Know effects of fair value measurement on financial statement -Analysis of Financial Statement—Where do you find useful information? -Qualitative Characteristics of financial Information -Locate and use sources of information about business performance -How accounting information assists in decision making -Linking decisions to financial metrics -How to increase ROCE -Profitability ratios -Economic Value Added(EVA TM) -Financial Decision Making -Profitability,liquidity ratios -Managing working capital -Financial Leverage -Debt ratios -Measuring business risk -Cash management -Study of the Annual Report of a Listed Company -Case:analyzing and interpreting a listed company’s annual report -Accounting Creates Value -Functions of management accounting -Management accounting compared to financial accounting -How the use of cost information defines its focus and form -Break-even analysis:ensuring fixed costs are covered -The costing principles and avoiding costing traps -The difference between traditional cost management systems and activity-based cost management systems
| -Budgeting and Forecasting:A Must in Pricing Effectively for Profit.Selecting the Best Costing Method and the Relevant Practical Pricing Theory -Budgeting and Forecasting:Two sides of the same process -Understanding the different steps involved in the process -How to minimize the risks in assessing the hypothesis underlying the performance -The cost information for pricing and product planning -Cost based pricing:a value-added approach -Customers:an outside in pricing -Competitors:predict their price -How to price effectively for profit,evaluating pricing methods -Case Study -Capital Investment Decision:Cash is King! -Cash flow forecasts as a planning tool -EBITDA,free cash flows -The analysis of return of capital employed,payback period,and discounted cash flow -Establishing cash flow forecasts -Calculating Net Present Values,IRR -Company Valuation:Risk and Corporate Characteristics -The fundamental tools of investment appraisal -The cost of capital and WACC,and how these are determined -The sensitivity analysis:how sensitive are key decision to potential changes in circumstances -Approaches to valuation -Capital Markets,Investment Banking and Financial Instruments:How to Face Your Long-term Financing Issues and More? -An introduction to capital markets -Different forms of financing(long term,short term) -Debt versus Equity -Gearing and beta factors -Capital Asset Pricing Models -Tax shields -Investing in China through Mergers or Acquisitions:Financial Business Practices and Managing the Related Risks -An Overview of the M&A market in China -Understanding the valuation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the structuring gap by the buyer -Understanding the negotiation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the execution gap -Understanding the challenges of the integration gap -Taking into account the Human dimension of any merger or acquisition |
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