ACCA考試一共有15門科目,其中有一門為Management Accounting(MA),即《管理會計》,今天來解析一下該門科目里的吸收成本法和邊際成本法兩者的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系。
利潤計算方法
①COS:按銷量計算,賣掉多少減多少。
吸收成本法下計入產品成本的只有total production cost(fixed production overhead&variable production overhead),當期銷售出去的存貨成本結轉到利潤表,即total production cost of sales;
邊際成本法下計入產品成本的只有total variable cost(variable production overhead&variable non-production overhead),當期銷售出去的存貨成本結轉到利潤表,即total variable cost of sales。
②Under/over absorption:吸收成本法特有的,邊際成本法不存在OAR和Under/over absorption。
涉及的計算公式:
Under/over absorption=Actual overhead-Absorbed overhead
Absorbed overhead=OAR*Actual activity level
OAR=Budget production overhead/Budget activity level
③Sales-COS:
吸收成本法下的主營業(yè)務收入-主營業(yè)務成本叫做Gross profit毛利潤;
邊際成本法下的主營業(yè)務收入-主營業(yè)務成本叫做Contribution貢獻。
④Period cost:當期發(fā)生多少減多少。
吸收成本法下包含total non-production cost;
邊際成本法下包含total fixed cost
⑤Valuation of closing inventory:Absorption costing>Marginal costing。
吸收成本法存貨計價:Direct material+Direct labour+Variable production overhead+Fixedproduction overhead;
邊際成本法存貨計價:Direct material+Direct labour+Variable production overhead;
標準成本法中的差異
①Cost variance---fixed production overhead variance
Absorption costing:
A.fixed production overhead total variance=under/over absorbed overhead
B.fixed production overhead expenditure variance=budgeted overhead-actual overhead
C.fixed production overhead volume variance=budgeted units*OAR-actual units*OAR
D.fixed production overhead volume efficiency variance=(budgeted hours at actual output-actual hours)*standard production overhead per hour
E.fixed production overhead variance=(budgeted hours-actual hours)*standard production overhead per hour
Marginal costing:(因為MC法下不存在OAR,所以對于fixed production overhead variance只有expenditure variance)
fixed production overhead expenditure variance=budgeted overhead-actual overhead
②Sales variance---sales volume variance
Absorption costing:sales volume profit variance=(budgeted units-actual units)*standardprofit per units
Marginal costing:sales volume profit variance=(budgeted units-actual units)*standardcontribution per units
③Operating statement
03聯(lián)系
利潤差公式:MC+OAR*(closing inventory-opening inventory)=AC
注:1.此公式的利潤指兩種成本核算方法下的凈利潤,不是contribution和gross profit的比較;
2.Closing inventory-Opening inventory=Production units-Sales units
3.此公式可以用于求OAR=(AC-MC)/(closing inventory-opening inventory)
以上便是吸收成本法(Absorption costing)和邊際成本法(Marginal costing)之間的主要差異和聯(lián)系了,你記住了嗎?