在ACCA考試中，AA這門(mén)課程F階段是最難通過(guò)的一門(mén)學(xué)科，全球通過(guò)率常年維持在40%以下，對(duì)此，會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)今天為大家著重講解F8階段Ethics職業(yè)道德考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，我們來(lái)看看吧。

　　說(shuō)到職業(yè)道德部分的考題，主要是指對(duì)于考察Ethical threats的題型，其既可能出現(xiàn)在Section A的選擇題，也可能出現(xiàn)在Section B的問(wèn)答題，但無(wú)論出現(xiàn)在哪部分基本都是以案例分析的形式出現(xiàn)，而且一般都是考察兩方面的內(nèi)容：

　　一方面是根據(jù)案例描述的情形確定是哪一類的threats，我們一共主要會(huì)涉及五種道德威脅，包括：Self-interest自身利益;Self-review自我評(píng)價(jià);Advocacy過(guò)度推介;Familiarity親密關(guān)系;和Intimidation外在壓力。那根據(jù)歷年真題的解答，將各種threats所對(duì)應(yīng)的情形分別包括哪些列在下面：

　　Self-interest 自身利益

　　1) Undue dependence on fee income from one client.

　　2) Close personal or business relationships.

　　3) Direct financial interest in a client.

　　4) Concern over loss of significant client.

　　5) Contingent fee arrangements.

　　6) Member of audit team entering into employment negotiations with client.

　　7) The discovery of a significant error during a re-evaluation of the work undertaken by the member.

　　Self-review 自我評(píng)價(jià)

　　1) Member of assurance team being or recently having been employed by the client in a position to influence the subject matter being reviewed.

　　2) Involvement in implementation of financial system and subsequently reporting on the operation of said system.

　　3) Firm having prepared the original data used to generate records that are the subject matter of the assurance engagement, for example, preparing clients’ financial statements.

　　4) Performing a service for a client that directly affects the subject matter of an assurance engagement.

　　Advocacy 過(guò)度推介

　　1) Acting as an advocate on behalf of a client in litigation or disputes.

　　2) Promoting shares in a listed audit client.

　　Familiarity 親密關(guān)系

　　1) Long association with a client.

　　2) Acceptance of gifts or preferential treatment (significant value).

　　3) Former partner of firm being employed by client.

　　4) A person in a position to influence financial or non-financial reporting or business decisions having an immediate or close family member who is in a position to benefit from that influence.

　　Intimidation 外在壓力

　　1) Threat of litigation.

　　2) Threat of removal as assurance firm.

　　3) Threat of not being awarded non-audit engagements if disagree with directors’ accounting treatment.

　　4) Accountant threatened by audit partner of not being promoted within the firm if disagree with client.

　　5) Dominant personality of client director attempting to influence decisions.

　　6) Pressure to reduce inappropriately the extent of work performed in order to reduce fees.

　　另外一方面是要求對(duì)上訴各種threats給出一種應(yīng)對(duì)措施即safeguards，那根據(jù)歷年真題的總結(jié)，老師發(fā)現(xiàn)常見(jiàn)的safeguards其實(shí)無(wú)外乎以下幾種：

　　第一種safeguard簡(jiǎn)單粗暴的是Decline拒絕，適用于被審計(jì)客戶向?qū)徲?jì)師提供禮物和款待gifts and hospitality，向?qū)徲?jì)師提供特別待遇preferential treatment，或者是請(qǐng)求審計(jì)師替客戶打官司，代表客戶與稅務(wù)局打交道等Advocacy threat涉及到的情形，都應(yīng)當(dāng)直接拒絕客戶(尤其涉及禮物金額較大的情況下);

　　第二種常見(jiàn)的safeguard是Rotation of team member將“受到污染”的同事?lián)Q掉，例如與被審計(jì)客戶存在各種親密關(guān)系，跟客戶商討聘用事宜，在客戶那邊有優(yōu)惠利率的貸款，以及為客戶提供記賬，稅務(wù)，咨詢等服務(wù)，這類審計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員都應(yīng)被剔除出該項(xiàng)目的審計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì);

　　另外一些safeguards則更多是見(jiàn)招拆招，如客戶不支付審計(jì)費(fèi)，我們就和他商定還錢(qián)的時(shí)間表;某個(gè)客戶收費(fèi)占比過(guò)高，就減少一些非審計(jì)服務(wù);遇到客戶的各種威脅和恐嚇就可選擇辭任審計(jì)師等等，我們可以根據(jù)具體情形給出相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，所以并不建議大家對(duì)所有的threats都采用統(tǒng)一的safeguard，而是應(yīng)該見(jiàn)招拆招，逐一化解。

　　來(lái)源：ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫