在ACCA(F1)中有一個重要的部分叫做:Equal opportunities平等機會。平等機會指的就是對于不同宗教背景,種族背景,年齡,性別,性取向,健康和殘疾人都要提供平等公平的工作機會和待遇。其中最重要的就是消除歧視,實現平等機會,今天會計網就跟大家講解這個考點內容。
Types of discrimination歧視的種類分為以下幾種:
1. Direct discrimination 直接歧視
Direct discrimination occurs when one interested group is treated less favourably than another.由于性別,種族,國籍,宗教信仰,年齡的原因,一群人比另一群人更受歡迎。舉例:一則招聘啟示上寫:“只要白人”就是一種對種族的直接歧視;另一則招聘啟示上寫:“只要男人”就是對女性的直接歧視。
例題:
Which of the following would constitute direct discrimination?
A Setting age limits or ranges in an employment advertisement
B Offering less favourable terms to workers on flexible hours contracts
C Using word-of-mouth recruitment in a predominantly male workforce
(1 mark)
答案:A
解析:在退休年齡之前,所有人的工作機會都應該是相等的,有的公司會寫只招25-30歲,這就是一種直接歧視,只想要青壯年,歧視其他年齡段的人。BC是歧視,只不過不是直接歧視,而是間接歧視。關于工作時間靈活性設置一些特定的條款是間接歧視了可工作時間不靈活的人,而只在男性市場招工也間接歧視了女性。
2. Indirect discrimination 間接歧視
Indirect discrimination occurs when a policy or practice is fair in form, but discriminatory in operation. 雖然使用了統一的標準或者政策,但是實際操作起來是對某一群人不公平的。
舉例:招聘啟示上寫:“只要身高高于180的人”,雖然沒有直接說明不要女性,但實際操作上,身高高于180的大多是男性,也就是不想要女性,屬于間接歧視。
例題:
A company has placed a job advertisement for a full time employee and a part time employee. The part time employee's terms are less favourable than the full-time employee's terms.
What type of discrimination is this?
A Direct discrimination
B Indirect discrimination
C Victimisation
答案:B
解析:給兼職員工的工資比全職低,實際上是歧視了女性,因為女性因為照顧家庭,更多從事兼職工作。而廣告公開說了兼職待遇差一些,但沒有直接說明我要對女性待遇差一些,但其實實際上兼職工作女性做的比較多,這是間接歧視。
3. Victimisation 犧牲品
Victimisation occurs when a person is penalised for giving information or taking action in pursuit of a claim of discrimination. 當你覺得你受到歧視的時候,去對公司進行投訴,被公司得知后,給你穿小鞋?!皹尨虺鲱^鳥”。
舉例:公司知道你由于受到歧視起訴了公司,不讓你升職加薪,并且把你調到偏遠地區。
4. Harassment 騷擾
Harassment is the use of threatening, intimidatory, offensive or abusive language or behaviour.包括身體上的和語言上的騷擾,威脅恐嚇,冒犯,或者讓人覺得不舒服的玩笑/行為/言語。
例題:
Members of a religious minority in a workplace are frequently subjected to jokes about their dress and dietary customs, and a bit of name-calling, by non-religious workmates. They find this offensive and hurtful – even though their colleagues say it is 'just a bit of fun'.
What type of discrimination (if any) would this represent?
A Victimisation
B Indirect discrimination
C Harassment
(1 mark)
答案:C
解析:Harassment是騷擾,比如威脅恐嚇,冒犯,或者讓人覺得不舒服的玩笑/行為/言語。
5. Positive discrimination 正面的歧視/積極的歧視
Actions which give preference to a protected people regardless of genuine suitability and qualification for the job. 偏向小眾群體,弱勢群體,給他們更多的好處,使他們處于比正常者更好的待遇。這就對大多數人來說是不公平的。也是不好的,是歧視的一種。
舉例:一個公司招聘只要disabled persons,其他人不要。
例題:
Which of the following is an example of 'positive discrimination' rather than 'positive action' on equal opportunities?
A Selecting a certain number of people from ethnic minorities for jobs, regardless of job-relevant selection criteria
B Using ethnic languages in job advertisements
C Setting targets for the number of people from ethnic minorities that the organisation would like to see in managerial positions
(1 mark)
答案:A
解析:不考慮與工作相關的崗位要求,從少數民族中選出一部分人上崗,完全沒有給其他人機會,這屬于偏向小眾群體,屬于正面的歧視。
補充知識:
Positive action:為減少歧視而進行的action。比如:幫助弱勢群體,給他們同樣的面試機會,而不是把他們拒之門外。這是一種好的action,要區別于positive discrimination。
來源:ACCA學習幫