在ACCA考試中,“variance analysis”(差異分析)一直作為高頻考點出現在各題目里,由于涉及的公式比較多,也使很多考生容易混淆。今天,會計網通過兩道經典的案例題,將該知識點進行梳理。
考試題型1
A company manufactures a single product L, for which the standard material cost is as follows:
Material 14kg x $3
During July,800 units of L were manufactured. 12,000 kg of material were purchased for S33,600,of which 11,500kg were issued to production. SM Co values all inventory at standard cost.
What are the material price and usage variances for July?
信息梳理:
標準材料成本:
生產一個unit要用14kg原材料,每kg的材料成本為$3,所以生產一個unit的材料成本=14kg/unit*$3/kg=$42/unit;
實際生產量=800units
實際原材料采購量=12000kg,實際原材料采購成本=$33600
代入公式:
Material price variance=actual purchase/usage*standard price per kg-actual purchase/usage*actual price per kg = 12000 * $3 - $33600 = 2400F
Material usage variance=(actual unit*standard kg per unit-actual unit*actual kg per unit)*standard price per kg=(800*14-11500)*$3=900A
注意:
計算價差要用實際的原材料采購量
計算出來的實際值小于預計值,說明實際成本更低,對企業利潤有利,是favourable variance,反之則是adverse variance
以上是第一種考試類型,給出條件要求計算出相應的variance,接下來看第二種考試類型
考試題型2
There are some information of Gaodun Co as follws.
Material price variance:$5,600Favourable
Material usage variance:$1,800Adverse
Actual purchases:1,600kg
Total costs:$60,800
What was the standard material price per kg(to the nearest $0.01)?
信息梳理:
這個題目已經把price variance和usage variance給出來了,同時還給出了實際原材料采購量+1600kg和采購原材料花費的實際成本=$60800.
要求計算standard material price per kg,很多同學會不確定究竟是用price variance,usage variance還是用它們加總之后的total variance來計算,那首先我們從題目要求來判斷,題目要計算的是每kg的材料成本,那么根據total variance的公式,我們只能求出每個unit的材料成本,要得到每kg的材料成本就要知道
每個unit用多少原材料,但是題目并沒有給到這個條件,所以基本排除用total variance反求的情況. 那接下來,不妨把price variance和usage variance的公式寫出來。
公式:
material usage variance=(actual unit*standard kg per unit-actual unit*actual kg per unit)*standard price per kg
material price variance=actual purchase / usage * standard price per kg-actual purchase/usage*actual price per kg
可以發現,兩個公式都涉及standard price per kg,但是在usage variance中,還缺少actual production unit這個條件,所以利用usage variance是無法求得 standard price per kg的,那就只能用price variance
代入公式:
5600F=1600*standard price per kg-60800,注意差異是favourable的,說明實際值小于預計值,那么1600*standard price per kg-60800=5600
解出standard price per kg=$41.50/kg
綜上可以發現,在variable cost variance的相關題目中,同學除了要對公式很熟悉以外,做題的時候還要特別注意單位,那么之后無論是正算variance還是反求其中的單位成本,unit等,都可以很容易把分拿到。
來源:ACCA學習幫